diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson.hpp
index 5cc06db4..20045dd1 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson.hpp
@@ -34,16 +34,15 @@
 
 #include "ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp"
-#include "ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArrayImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Array/Utilities.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Collection/CollectionImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Memory/VariantPoolImpl.hpp"
-#include "ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObjectImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Variant/ConverterImpl.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Variant/JsonVariantCopier.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantCompare.hpp"
+#include "ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp"
 
 #include "ArduinoJson/Json/JsonDeserializer.hpp"
 #include "ArduinoJson/Json/JsonSerializer.hpp"
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
index 13418c86..09e45093 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
@@ -176,16 +176,3 @@ class JsonArray : public detail::VariantOperators<JsonArray> {
 };
 
 ARDUINOJSON_END_PUBLIC_NAMESPACE
-
-ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename T>
-inline typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonArray>::value, JsonArray>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
-  return JsonArray(
-      VariantData::toArray(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
-      getResourceManager());
-}
-
-ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArrayImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArrayImpl.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 50d59a66..00000000
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArrayImpl.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
-// Copyright © 2014-2023, Benoit BLANCHON
-// MIT License
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp>
-
-ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-inline ElementProxy<TDerived> VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](
-    size_t index) const {
-  return ElementProxy<TDerived>(derived(), index);
-}
-
-ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp
index 829ec893..9f961184 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp
@@ -184,16 +184,3 @@ class JsonObject : public detail::VariantOperators<JsonObject> {
 };
 
 ARDUINOJSON_END_PUBLIC_NAMESPACE
-
-ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename T>
-typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonObject>::value, JsonObject>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
-  return JsonObject(
-      VariantData::toObject(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
-      getResourceManager());
-}
-
-ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObjectImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObjectImpl.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3684228e..00000000
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObjectImpl.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
-// Copyright © 2014-2023, Benoit BLANCHON
-// MIT License
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp>
-
-ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename TString>
-inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::containsKey(const TString& key) const {
-  return VariantData::getMember(getData(), adaptString(key),
-                                getResourceManager()) != 0;
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename TChar>
-inline typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::containsKey(TChar* key) const {
-  return VariantData::getMember(getData(), adaptString(key),
-                                getResourceManager()) != 0;
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename TString>
-inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString*>::value,
-                          MemberProxy<TDerived, TString*>>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](TString* key) const {
-  return MemberProxy<TDerived, TString*>(derived(), key);
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename TString>
-inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value,
-                          MemberProxy<TDerived, TString>>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](const TString& key) const {
-  return MemberProxy<TDerived, TString>(derived(), key);
-}
-
-ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/JsonVariant.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/JsonVariant.hpp
index d7b240ab..1cd0ccff 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/JsonVariant.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/JsonVariant.hpp
@@ -83,42 +83,3 @@ struct Converter<JsonVariantConst> : private detail::VariantAttorney {
 };
 
 ARDUINOJSON_END_PUBLIC_NAMESPACE
-
-ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename T>
-inline typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonVariant>::value, T>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::add() const {
-  return JsonVariant(
-      detail::VariantData::addElement(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
-      getResourceManager());
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-inline JsonVariant VariantRefBase<TDerived>::getVariant() const {
-  return JsonVariant(getData(), getResourceManager());
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-inline JsonVariant VariantRefBase<TDerived>::getOrCreateVariant() const {
-  return JsonVariant(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager());
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-template <typename T>
-typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonVariant>::value, JsonVariant>::type
-VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
-  auto data = getOrCreateData();
-  auto resources = getResourceManager();
-  detail::VariantData::setNull(data, resources);
-  return JsonVariant(data, resources);
-}
-
-template <typename TDerived>
-inline void convertToJson(const VariantRefBase<TDerived>& src,
-                          JsonVariant dst) {
-  dst.set(src.template as<JsonVariantConst>());
-}
-
-ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79cc8fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
+// Copyright © 2014-2023, Benoit BLANCHON
+// MIT License
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp>
+#include <ArduinoJson/Object/JsonObject.hpp>
+#include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBase.hpp>
+
+ARDUINOJSON_BEGIN_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+inline void convertToJson(const VariantRefBase<TDerived>& src,
+                          JsonVariant dst) {
+  dst.set(src.template as<JsonVariantConst>());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename T>
+inline typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonVariant>::value, T>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::add() const {
+  return JsonVariant(
+      detail::VariantData::addElement(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
+      getResourceManager());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename TString>
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::containsKey(const TString& key) const {
+  return VariantData::getMember(getData(), adaptString(key),
+                                getResourceManager()) != 0;
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename TChar>
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::containsKey(TChar* key) const {
+  return VariantData::getMember(getData(), adaptString(key),
+                                getResourceManager()) != 0;
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+inline JsonVariant VariantRefBase<TDerived>::getVariant() const {
+  return JsonVariant(getData(), getResourceManager());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+inline JsonVariant VariantRefBase<TDerived>::getOrCreateVariant() const {
+  return JsonVariant(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+inline ElementProxy<TDerived> VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](
+    size_t index) const {
+  return ElementProxy<TDerived>(derived(), index);
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename TString>
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString*>::value,
+                          MemberProxy<TDerived, TString*>>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](TString* key) const {
+  return MemberProxy<TDerived, TString*>(derived(), key);
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename TString>
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value,
+                          MemberProxy<TDerived, TString>>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](const TString& key) const {
+  return MemberProxy<TDerived, TString>(derived(), key);
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename T>
+inline typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonArray>::value, JsonArray>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
+  return JsonArray(
+      VariantData::toArray(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
+      getResourceManager());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename T>
+typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonObject>::value, JsonObject>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
+  return JsonObject(
+      VariantData::toObject(getOrCreateData(), getResourceManager()),
+      getResourceManager());
+}
+
+template <typename TDerived>
+template <typename T>
+typename enable_if<is_same<T, JsonVariant>::value, JsonVariant>::type
+VariantRefBase<TDerived>::to() const {
+  auto data = getOrCreateData();
+  auto resources = getResourceManager();
+  detail::VariantData::setNull(data, resources);
+  return JsonVariant(data, resources);
+}
+
+ARDUINOJSON_END_PRIVATE_NAMESPACE