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< h1 class = "title" > The Boost.Iterator Library < a class = "reference external" href = "../../../index.htm" >< img alt = "Boost" src = "../../../boost.png" /></ a ></ h1 >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > Authors:</ th >< td class = "field-body" > David Abrahams, Jeremy Siek, Thomas Witt</ td >
</ tr >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > Contact:</ th >< td class = "field-body" >< a class = "reference external" href = "mailto:dave@boost-consulting.com" > dave@ boost-consulting.com</ a > , < a class = "reference external" href = "mailto:jsiek@osl.iu.edu" > jsiek@ osl.iu.edu</ a > , < a class = "reference external" href = "mailto:witt@styleadvisor.com" > witt@ styleadvisor.com</ a ></ td >
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</ tr >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > organizations:</ th >< td class = "field-body" >< a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.boost-consulting.com" > Boost Consulting</ a > , Indiana University < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.osl.iu.edu" > Open Systems
Lab</ a > , < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.styleadvisor.com" > Zephyr Associates, Inc.</ a ></ td >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > date:</ th >< td class = "field-body" > $Date$</ td >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > copyright:</ th >< td class = "field-body" > Copyright David Abrahams, Jeremy Siek, Thomas Witt 2003.</ td >
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< table class = "docutils field-list" frame = "void" rules = "none" >
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< tr class = "field" >< th class = "field-name" > Abstract:</ th >< td class = "field-body" > The Boost Iterator Library contains two parts. The first
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is a system of < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.boost.org/more/generic_programming.html#concept" > concepts</ a > which extend the C++ standard
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iterator requirements. The second is a framework of
components for building iterators based on these
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extended concepts and includes several useful iterator
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adaptors. The extended iterator concepts have been
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carefully designed so that old-style iterators
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can fit in the new concepts and so that new-style
iterators will be compatible with old-style algorithms,
though algorithms may need to be updated if they want to
take full advantage of the new-style iterator
capabilities. Several components of this library have
been accepted into the C++ standard technical report.
The components of the Boost Iterator Library replace the
older Boost Iterator Adaptor Library.</ td >
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</ tr >
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< div class = "contents topic" id = "table-of-contents" >
< p class = "topic-title first" >< strong > Table of Contents</ strong ></ p >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#new-style-iterators" id = "id23" > New-Style Iterators</ a ></ li >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#iterator-facade-and-adaptor" id = "id24" > Iterator Facade and Adaptor</ a ></ li >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#specialized-adaptors" id = "id25" > Specialized Adaptors</ a ></ li >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#iterator-utilities" id = "id26" > Iterator Utilities</ a >< ul >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#traits" id = "id27" > Traits</ a ></ li >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#testing-and-concept-checking" id = "id28" > Testing and Concept Checking</ a ></ li >
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</ ul >
</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#upgrading-from-the-old-boost-iterator-adaptor-library" id = "id29" > Upgrading from the old Boost Iterator Adaptor Library</ a ></ li >
< li >< a class = "reference internal" href = "#history" id = "id30" > History</ a ></ li >
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</ ul >
</ div >
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< hr class = "docutils" />
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< div class = "section" id = "new-style-iterators" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id23" > New-Style Iterators</ a ></ h1 >
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< p > The iterator categories defined in C++98 are extremely limiting
because they bind together two orthogonal concepts: traversal and
element access. For example, because a random access iterator is
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required to return a reference (and not a proxy) when dereferenced,
it is impossible to capture the capabilities of
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< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > vector< bool> ::iterator</ span ></ tt > using the C++98 categories. This is the
infamous " < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > vector< bool> </ span ></ tt > is not a container, and its iterators
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aren't random access iterators" , debacle about which Herb Sutter
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wrote two papers for the standards comittee (< a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/publications/N1185.pdf" > n1185</ a > and < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/publications/N1211.pdf" > n1211</ a > ),
and a < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/050.htm" > Guru of the Week</ a > . New-style iterators go well beyond
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patching up < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > vector< bool> </ span ></ tt > , though: there are lots of other
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iterators already in use which can't be adequately represented by
the existing concepts. For details about the new iterator
concepts, see our</ p >
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< blockquote >
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< a class = "reference external" href = "new-iter-concepts.html" > Standard Proposal For New-Style Iterators</ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "new-iter-concepts.pdf" > PDF</ a > )</ blockquote >
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</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "iterator-facade-and-adaptor" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id24" > Iterator Facade and Adaptor</ a ></ h1 >
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< p > Writing standard-conforming iterators is tricky, but the need comes
up often. In order to ease the implementation of new iterators,
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the Boost.Iterator library provides the < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_facade</ span ></ tt > class template,
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which implements many useful defaults and compile-time checks
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designed to help the iterator author ensure that his iterator is
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correct.</ p >
< p > It is also common to define a new iterator that is similar to some
underlying iterator or iterator-like type, but that modifies some
aspect of the underlying type's behavior. For that purpose, the
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library supplies the < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > class template, which is specially
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designed to take advantage of as much of the underlying type's
behavior as possible.</ p >
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< p > The documentation for these two classes can be found at the following
web pages:</ p >
< ul class = "simple" >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_facade.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_facade</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_facade.pdf" > PDF</ a > )</ li >
< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_adaptor.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_adaptor.pdf" > PDF</ a > )</ li >
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</ ul >
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< p > Both < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_facade</ span ></ tt > and < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > as well as many of the < a class = "reference internal" href = "#specialized-adaptors" > specialized
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adaptors</ a > mentioned below have been proposed for standardization,
and accepted into the first C++ technical report; see our</ p >
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< blockquote >
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< a class = "reference external" href = "facade-and-adaptor.html" > Standard Proposal For Iterator Facade and Adaptor</ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "facade-and-adaptor.pdf" > PDF</ a > )</ blockquote >
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< p > for more details.</ p >
</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "specialized-adaptors" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id25" > Specialized Adaptors</ a ></ h1 >
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< p > The iterator library supplies a useful suite of standard-conforming
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iterator templates based on the Boost < a class = "reference internal" href = "#iterator-facade-and-adaptor" > iterator facade and adaptor</ a > .</ p >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "counting_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > counting_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "counting_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over a sequence of consecutive values.
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Implements a " lazy sequence" </ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "filter_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > filter_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "filter_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over the subset of elements of some
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sequence which satisfy a given predicate</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "function_input_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > function_input_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "function_input_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an input iterator wrapping a generator (nullary
function object); each time the iterator is dereferenced, the function object
is called to get the value to return.</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "function_output_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > function_output_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "function_output_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an output iterator wrapping a unary function
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object; each time an element is written into the dereferenced
iterator, it is passed as a parameter to the function object.</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "generator_iterator.htm" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > generator_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > : an input iterator wrapping a reference to a generator (nullary function object);
each time the iterator is dereferenced, the function object
is called to get the value to return. This is a more outdated analogue of < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > function_input_iterator</ span ></ tt > .</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "indirect_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > indirect_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "indirect_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over the objects < em > pointed-to</ em > by the
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elements of some sequence.</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "permutation_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > permutation_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "permutation_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over the elements of some random-access
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sequence, rearranged according to some sequence of integer indices.</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "reverse_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > reverse_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "reverse_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator which traverses the elements of some
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bidirectional sequence in reverse. Corrects many of the
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shortcomings of C++98's < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > std::reverse_iterator</ span ></ tt > .</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "../../utility/shared_container_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > shared_container_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > : an iterator over elements of a container whose
lifetime is maintained by a < a class = "reference external" href = "../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > shared_ptr</ span ></ tt ></ a > stored in the iterator.</ li >
< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "transform_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > transform_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "transform_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over elements which are the result of
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applying some functional transformation to the elements of an
underlying sequence. This component also replaces the old
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< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > projection_iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > .</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "zip_iterator.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > zip_iterator</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "zip_iterator.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): an iterator over tuples of the elements at corresponding
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positions of heterogeneous underlying iterators.</ li >
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</ ul >
</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "iterator-utilities" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id26" > Iterator Utilities</ a ></ h1 >
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< div class = "section" id = "traits" >
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< h2 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id27" > Traits</ a ></ h2 >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "pointee.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > pointee.hpp</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "pointee.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): Provides the capability to deduce the referent types
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of pointers, smart pointers and iterators in generic code. Used
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in < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > indirect_iterator</ span ></ tt > .</ li >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_traits.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_traits.hpp</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_traits.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): Provides < a class = "reference external" href = "../../mpl/doc/index.html" > MPL</ a > -compatible metafunctions which
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retrieve an iterator's traits. Also corrects for the deficiencies
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of broken implementations of < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > std::iterator_traits</ span ></ tt > .</ li >
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</ ul >
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<!-- * |interoperable|_ (PDF__): Provides an MPL_\ -compatible metafunction for
testing iterator interoperability -->
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</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "testing-and-concept-checking" >
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< h2 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id28" > Testing and Concept Checking</ a ></ h2 >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_concepts.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_concepts.hpp</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_concepts.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): Concept checking classes for the new iterator concepts.</ li >
< li >< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_archetypes.html" >< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_archetypes.hpp</ span ></ tt ></ a > (< a class = "reference external" href = "iterator_archetypes.pdf" > PDF</ a > ): Concept archetype classes for the new iterators concepts.</ li >
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</ ul >
</ div >
</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "upgrading-from-the-old-boost-iterator-adaptor-library" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id29" > Upgrading from the old Boost Iterator Adaptor Library</ a ></ h1 >
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< p id = "upgrading" > If you have been using the old Boost Iterator Adaptor library to
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implement iterators, you probably wrote a < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > Policies</ span ></ tt > class which
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captures the core operations of your iterator. In the new library
design, you'll move those same core operations into the body of the
iterator class itself. If you were writing a family of iterators,
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you probably wrote a < a class = "reference external" href = "http://www.boost.org/more/generic_programming.html#type_generator" > type generator</ a > to build the
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< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > specialization you needed; in the new library
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design you don't need a type generator (though may want to keep it
around as a compatibility aid for older code) because, due to the
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use of the Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP) < a class = "citation-reference" href = "#cop95" id = "id22" > [Cop95]</ a > ,
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you can now define the iterator class yourself and acquire
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functionality through inheritance from < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_facade</ span ></ tt > or
< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > . As a result, you also get much finer control
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over how your iterator works: you can add additional constructors,
or even override the iterator functionality provided by the
library.</ p >
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< p > If you're looking for the old < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > projection_iterator</ span ></ tt > component,
its functionality has been merged into < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > transform_iterator</ span ></ tt > : as
long as the function object's < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > result_type</ span ></ tt > (or the < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > Reference</ span ></ tt >
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template argument, if explicitly specified) is a true reference
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type, < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > transform_iterator</ span ></ tt > will behave like
< tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > projection_iterator</ span ></ tt > used to.</ p >
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</ div >
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< div class = "section" id = "history" >
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< h1 >< a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id30" > History</ a ></ h1 >
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< p > In 2000 Dave Abrahams was writing an iterator for a container of
pointers, which would access the pointed-to elements when
dereferenced. Naturally, being a library writer, he decided to
generalize the idea and the Boost Iterator Adaptor library was born.
Dave was inspired by some writings of Andrei Alexandrescu and chose a
policy based design (though he probably didn't capture Andrei's idea
very well - there was only one policy class for all the iterator's
orthogonal properties). Soon Jeremy Siek realized he would need the
library and they worked together to produce a " Boostified" version,
which was reviewed and accepted into the library. They wrote a paper
and made several important revisions of the code.</ p >
< p > Eventually, several shortcomings of the older library began to make
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the need for a rewrite apparent. Dave and Jeremy started working
at the Santa Cruz C++ committee meeting in 2002, and had quickly
generated a working prototype. At the urging of Mat Marcus, they
decided to use the GenVoca/CRTP pattern approach, and moved the
policies into the iterator class itself. Thomas Witt expressed
interest and became the voice of strict compile-time checking for
the project, adding uses of the SFINAE technique to eliminate false
converting constructors and operators from the overload set. He
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also recognized the need for a separate < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_facade</ span ></ tt > , and
factored it out of < tt class = "docutils literal" >< span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor</ span ></ tt > . Finally, after a
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near-complete rewrite of the prototype, they came up with the
library you see today.</ p >
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< table class = "docutils citation" frame = "void" id = "cop95" rules = "none" >
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< colgroup >< col class = "label" />< col /></ colgroup >
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< tr >< td class = "label" >< a class = "fn-backref" href = "#id22" > [Cop95]</ a ></ td >< td > [Coplien, 1995] Coplien, J., Curiously Recurring Template
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Patterns, C++ Report, February 1995, pp. 24-27.</ td ></ tr >
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<!-- LocalWords: Abrahams Siek Witt const bool Sutter's WG int UL LI href Lvalue
LocalWords: ReadableIterator WritableIterator SwappableIterator cv pre iter
LocalWords: ConstantLvalueIterator MutableLvalueIterator CopyConstructible TR
LocalWords: ForwardTraversalIterator BidirectionalTraversalIterator lvalue
LocalWords: RandomAccessTraversalIterator dereferenceable Incrementable tmp
LocalWords: incrementable xxx min prev inplace png oldeqnew AccessTag struct
LocalWords: TraversalTag typename lvalues DWA Hmm JGS -->
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