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Reorganized docs. Minor code fix wrt opt refs

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Andrzej Krzemienski
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30
doc/00_optional.qbk
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@ -45,14 +45,13 @@ Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
[def __GO_TO__ [$images/callouts/R.png]] [def __GO_TO__ [$images/callouts/R.png]]
[section Introduction] [heading Introduction]
Class template `optional` is a wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet) contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only library. Class template `optional` is a wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet) contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only library.
[section Problem] [heading Problem]
Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some integral value, let's call it `"MaxValue"`. It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no error. It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program is supposed to behave slightly different. Also suppose that any possible value of type `int` is a valid value for `"MaxValue"`, so we cannot jut use `-1` to represent the absence of the parameter in the config file. Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some integral value, let's call it `"MaxValue"`. It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no error. It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program is supposed to behave slightly different. Also suppose that any possible value of type `int` is a valid value for `"MaxValue"`, so we cannot jut use `-1` to represent the absence of the parameter in the config file.
[endsect]
[section Solution] [heading Solution]
This is how you solve it with `boost::optional`: This is how you solve it with `boost::optional`:
@ -68,16 +67,21 @@ This is how you solve it with `boost::optional`:
runWithNoMax(); runWithNoMax();
} }
[endsect]
[endsect]
[include 01_tutorial.qbk]
[include 02_discussion.qbk] [include 01_quick_start.qbk]
[include 03_development.qbk] [section Tutorial]
[include 04_reference.qbk] [include 12_motivation.qbk]
[include 05_examples.qbk] [include 13_development.qbk]
[include 10_optional_references.qbk] [include 14_optional_references.qbk]
[include 11_special_cases.qbk] [include 15_in_place_factories.qbk]
[include 16_optional_bool.qbk]
[include 17_exception_safety.qbk]
[include 18_type_requirements.qbk]
[endsect]
[section Reference]
[include 20_reference.qbk]
[endsect]
[include 90_dependencies.qbk] [include 90_dependencies.qbk]
[include 91_acknowledgments.qbk] [include 91_acknowledgments.qbk]

37
doc/01_tutorial.qbk → doc/01_quick_start.qbk
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@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
] ]
[section Tutorial] [section Quick Start]
[section Optional return values] [heading Optional return values]
Let's write and use a converter function that converts an a `std::string` to an `int`. It is possible that for a given string (e.g. `"cat"`) there exist no value of type `int` capable of representing the conversion result. We do not consider such situation an error. We expect that the converter can be used only to check if the conversion is possible. A natural signature for this function can be: Let's write and use a converter function that converts an a `std::string` to an `int`. It is possible that for a given string (e.g. `"cat"`) there exist no value of type `int` capable of representing the conversion result. We do not consider such situation an error. We expect that the converter can be used only to check if the conversion is possible. A natural signature for this function can be:
@ -62,10 +62,28 @@ This uses the `atoi`-like approach to conversions: if `text` does not represent
Observe the two return statements. `return i` uses the converting constructor that can create `optional<T>` from `T`. Thus constructed optional object is initialized and its value is a copy of `i`. The other return statement uses another converting constructor from a special tag `boost::none`. It is used to indicate that we want to create an uninitialized optional object. Observe the two return statements. `return i` uses the converting constructor that can create `optional<T>` from `T`. Thus constructed optional object is initialized and its value is a copy of `i`. The other return statement uses another converting constructor from a special tag `boost::none`. It is used to indicate that we want to create an uninitialized optional object.
[/endsect]
[endsect] [heading Optional automatic variables]
We could write function `convert` in a slightly different manner, so that it has a single `return`-statement:
boost::optionl<int> convert(const std::string& text)
{
boost::optionl<int> ans;
std::stringstream s(text);
int i;
if ((s >> i) && s.get() == std::char_traits<char>::eof())
ans = i;
return ans;
}
The default constructor of `optional` creates an unitialized optional object. Unlike with `int`s you cannot have an `optional<int>` in an indeterminate state. Its state is always well defined. Instruction `ans = i` initializes the optional object. It uses the assignment from `int`. In general, for `optional<T>`, when an assignment from `T` is invoked, it can do two things. If the optional object is not initialized our case here), it initializes it with `T`'s copy constructor. If the optional object is already initialized, it assigns the new value to it using `T`'s copy assignment.
[/endsect]
[heading Optional data members]
[section Optional data members]
Suppose we want to implement a ['lazy load] optimization. This is because we do not want to perform an expensive initialization of our `Resource` until (if at all) it is really used. We can do it this way: Suppose we want to implement a ['lazy load] optimization. This is because we do not want to perform an expensive initialization of our `Resource` until (if at all) it is really used. We can do it this way:
class Widget class Widget
@ -86,11 +104,12 @@ Suppose we want to implement a ['lazy load] optimization. This is because we do
`optional`'s default constructor creates an uninitialized optional. No call to `Resource`'s default constructor is attempted. `Resource` doesn't have to be __SGI_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE__. In function `getResource` we first check if `resource_` is initialized. This time we do not use the contextual conversion to `bool`, but a comparison with `boost::none`. These two ways are equivalent. Function `emplace` initializes the optional in-place by perfect-forwarding the arguments to the constructor of `Resource`. No copy- or move-construction is involved here. `Resource` doesn't even have to be `MoveConstructible`. `optional`'s default constructor creates an uninitialized optional. No call to `Resource`'s default constructor is attempted. `Resource` doesn't have to be __SGI_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE__. In function `getResource` we first check if `resource_` is initialized. This time we do not use the contextual conversion to `bool`, but a comparison with `boost::none`. These two ways are equivalent. Function `emplace` initializes the optional in-place by perfect-forwarding the arguments to the constructor of `Resource`. No copy- or move-construction is involved here. `Resource` doesn't even have to be `MoveConstructible`.
[note Function `emplace` is only available on compilers that support rvalue references and variadic templates. If your compiler does not support these features and you still need to avoid any move-constructions, use [link boost_optional.in_place_factories In-Place Factories].] [note Function `emplace` is only available on compilers that support rvalue references and variadic templates. If your compiler does not support these features and you still need to avoid any move-constructions, use [link boost_optional.tutorial.in_place_factories In-Place Factories].]
[endsect] [/endsect]
[heading Bypassing unnecessary default construction]
[section Bypassing unnecessary default construction]
Suppose we have class `Date`, which does not have a default constructor: there is no good candidate for a default date. We have a function that returns two dates in form of a `boost::tuple`: Suppose we have class `Date`, which does not have a default constructor: there is no good candidate for a default date. We have a function that returns two dates in form of a `boost::tuple`:
boost::tuple<Date, Date> getPeriod(); boost::tuple<Date, Date> getPeriod();
@ -100,13 +119,13 @@ In other place we want to use the result of `getPeriod`, but want the two dates
Date begin, end; // Error: no default ctor! Date begin, end; // Error: no default ctor!
boost::tie(begin, end) = getPeriod(); boost::tie(begin, end) = getPeriod();
The second line works already, this is the capability of Boost.Tuple library, but the first line won't work. We could set some initial invented dates, but it is confusing and may be an unacceptable cost, given that these values will be overwritten in the next line anyway. This is where `optional` can help: The second line works already, this is the capability of Boost.Tuple library, but the first line won't work. We could set some invented initial dates, but it is confusing and may be an unacceptable cost, given that these values will be overwritten in the next line anyway. This is where `optional` can help:
boost::optional<Date> begin, end; boost::optional<Date> begin, end;
boost::tie(begin, end) = getPeriod(); boost::tie(begin, end) = getPeriod();
It works because inside `boost::tie` a move-assignment from `T` is invoked on `optional<T>`, which internally calls a move-constructor of `T`. It works because inside `boost::tie` a move-assignment from `T` is invoked on `optional<T>`, which internally calls a move-constructor of `T`.
[endsect] [/endsect]
[endsect] [endsect]

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doc/05_examples.qbk
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@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
[/
Boost.Optional
Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
]
[section Examples]
[section Optional return values]
optional<char> get_async_input()
{
if ( !queue.empty() )
return optional<char>(queue.top());
else return optional<char>(); // uninitialized
}
void receive_async_message()
{
optional<char> rcv ;
// The safe boolean conversion from 'rcv' is used here.
while ( (rcv = get_async_input()) && !timeout() )
output(*rcv);
}
[endsect]
[section Optional local variables]
optional<string> name ;
if ( database.open() )
{
name = database.lookup(employer_name) ;
}
else
{
if ( can_ask_user )
name = user.ask(employer_name) ;
}
if ( name )
print(*name);
else print("employer's name not found!");
[endsect]
[section Optional data members]
class figure
{
public:
figure()
{
// data member 'm_clipping_rect' is uninitialized at this point.
}
void clip_in_rect ( rect const& rect )
{
....
m_clipping_rect = rect ; // initialized here.
}
void draw ( canvas& cvs )
{
if ( m_clipping_rect )
do_clipping(*m_clipping_rect);
cvs.drawXXX(..);
}
// this can return NULL.
rect const* get_clipping_rect() { return get_pointer(m_clipping_rect); }
private :
optional<rect> m_clipping_rect ;
};
[endsect]
[section Bypassing expensive unnecessary default construction]
class ExpensiveCtor { ... } ;
class Fred
{
Fred() : mLargeVector(10000) {}
std::vector< optional<ExpensiveCtor> > mLargeVector ;
} ;
[endsect]
[endsect]

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@ -1,258 +0,0 @@

[section In-Place Factories]
One of the typical problems with wrappers and containers is that their
interfaces usually provide an operation to initialize or assign the
contained object as a copy of some other object. This not only requires the
underlying type to be __COPY_CONSTRUCTIBLE__, but also requires the existence of
a fully constructed object, often temporary, just to follow the copy from:
struct X
{
X ( int, std::string ) ;
} ;
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
} ;
void foo()
{
// Temporary object created.
W ( X(123,"hello") ) ;
}
A solution to this problem is to support direct construction of the
contained object right in the container's storage.
In this scheme, the user only needs to supply the arguments to the
constructor to use in the wrapped object construction.
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
W ( int a0, std::string a1) : wrapped_(a0,a1) {}
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place
// No temporary created.
W (123,"hello") ;
}
A limitation of this method is that it doesn't scale well to wrapped
objects with multiple constructors nor to generic code were the constructor
overloads are unknown.
The solution presented in this library is the family of [*InPlaceFactories]
and [*TypedInPlaceFactories].
These factories are a family of classes which encapsulate an increasing
number of arbitrary constructor parameters and supply a method to construct
an object of a given type using those parameters at an address specified by
the user via placement new.
For example, one member of this family looks like:
template<class T,class A0, class A1>
class TypedInPlaceFactory2
{
A0 m_a0 ; A1 m_a1 ;
public:
TypedInPlaceFactory2( A0 const& a0, A1 const& a1 ) : m_a0(a0), m_a1(a1) {}
void construct ( void* p ) { new (p) T(m_a0,m_a1) ; }
} ;
A wrapper class aware of this can use it as:
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
W ( TypedInPlaceFactory2 const& fac ) { fac.construct(&wrapped_) ; }
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a TypedInPlaceFactory.
// No temporary created.
W ( TypedInPlaceFactory2<X,int,std::string>(123,"hello")) ;
}
The factories are divided in two groups:
* [_TypedInPlaceFactories]: those which take the target type as a primary
template parameter.
* [_InPlaceFactories]: those with a template `construct(void*)` member
function taking the target type.
Within each group, all the family members differ only in the number of
parameters allowed.
This library provides an overloaded set of helper template functions to
construct these factories without requiring unnecessary template parameters:
template<class A0,...,class AN>
InPlaceFactoryN <A0,...,AN> in_place ( A0 const& a0, ..., AN const& aN) ;
template<class T,class A0,...,class AN>
TypedInPlaceFactoryN <T,A0,...,AN> in_place ( T const& a0, A0 const& a0, ..., AN const& aN) ;
In-place factories can be used generically by the wrapper and user as follows:
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
template< class InPlaceFactory >
W ( InPlaceFactory const& fac ) { fac.template <X>construct(&wrapped_) ; }
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a InPlaceFactory.
// No temporary created.
W ( in_place(123,"hello") ) ;
}
The factories are implemented in the headers: __IN_PLACE_FACTORY_HPP__ and __TYPED_IN_PLACE_FACTORY_HPP__
[endsect]
[section A note about optional<bool>]
`optional<bool>` should be used with special caution and consideration.
First, it is functionally similar to a tristate boolean (false, maybe, true)
—such as __BOOST_TRIBOOL__— except that in a tristate boolean, the maybe state
[_represents a valid value], unlike the corresponding state of an uninitialized
`optional<bool>`.
It should be carefully considered if an `optional<bool>` instead of a `tribool`
is really needed.
Second, although `optional<>` provides a contextual conversion to `bool` in C++11,
this falls back to an implicit conversion on older compilers. This conversion refers
to the initialization state and not to the contained value. Using `optional<bool>`
can lead to subtle errors due to the implicit `bool` conversion:
void foo ( bool v ) ;
void bar()
{
optional<bool> v = try();
// The following intended to pass the value of 'v' to foo():
foo(v);
// But instead, the initialization state is passed
// due to a typo: it should have been foo(*v).
}
The only implicit conversion is to `bool`, and it is safe in the sense that
typical integral promotions don't apply (i.e. if `foo()` takes an `int`
instead, it won't compile).
Third, mixed comparisons with `bool` work differently than similar mixed comparisons between pointers and `bool`, so the results might surprise you:
optional<bool> oEmpty(none), oTrue(true), oFalse(false);
if (oEmpty == none); // renders true
if (oEmpty == false); // renders false!
if (oEmpty == true); // renders false!
if (oFalse == none); // renders false
if (oFalse == false); // renders true!
if (oFalse == true); // renders false
if (oTrue == none); // renders false
if (oTrue == false); // renders false
if (oTrue == true); // renders true
In other words, for `optional<>`, the following assertion does not hold:
assert((opt == false) == (!opt));
[endsect]
[section Exception Safety Guarantees]
This library assumes that `T`'s destructor does not throw exceptions. If it does, the behaviour of many operations on `optional<T>` is undefined.
The following mutating operations never throw exceptions:
* `optional<T>::operator= ( none_t ) noexcept`
* `optional<T>::reset() noexcept`
In addition, the following constructors and the destructor never throw exceptions:
* `optional<T>::optional() noexcept`
* `optional<T>::optional( none_t ) noexcept`
Regarding the following assignment functions:
* `optional<T>::operator= ( optional<T> const& )`
* `optional<T>::operator= ( T const& )`
* `template<class U> optional<T>::operator= ( optional<U> const& )`
* `template<class InPlaceFactory> optional<T>::operator= ( InPlaceFactory const& )`
* `template<class TypedInPlaceFactory> optional<T>::operator= ( TypedInPlaceFactory const& ) `
* `optional<T>::reset( T const& )`
They forward calls to the corresponding `T`'s constructors or assignments (depending on whether the optional object is initialized or not); so if both `T`'s constructor and the assignment provide strong exception safety guarantee, `optional<T>`'s assignment also provides strong exception safety guarantee; otherwise we only get the basic guarantee. Additionally, if both involved `T`'s constructor and the assignment never throw, `optional<T>`'s assignment also never throws.
Unless `T`'s constructor or assignment throws, assignments to `optional<T>` do not throw anything else on its own. A throw during assignment never changes the initialization state of any optional object involved:
optional<T> opt1(val1);
optional<T> opt2(val2);
assert(opt1);
assert(opt2);
try
{
opt1 = opt2; // throws
}
catch(...)
{
assert(opt1);
assert(opt2);
}
This also applies to move assignments/constructors. However, move operations are made no-throw more often.
Operation `emplace` provides basic exception safety guarantee. If it throws, the optional object becomes uninitialized regardless of its initial state, and its previous contained value (if any) is destroyed. It doesn't call any assignment or move/copy constructor on `T`.
[heading Swap]
Unless `swap` on optional is customized, its primary implementation forwards calls to `T`'s `swap` or move constructor (depending on the initialization state of the optional objects). Thus, if both `T`'s `swap` and move constructor never throw, `swap` on `optional<T>` never throws. similarly, if both `T`'s `swap` and move constructor offer strong guarantee, `swap` on `optional<T>` also offers a strong guarantee.
In case `swap` on optional is customized, the call to `T`'s move constructor are replaced with the calls to `T`'s default constructor followed by `swap`. (This is more useful on older compilers that do not support move semantics, when one wants to acheive stronger exception safety guarantees.) In this case the exception safety guarantees for `swap` are reliant on the guarantees of `T`'s `swap` and default constructor
[endsect]
[section Type requirements]
At the very minimum for `optional<T>` to work with a minimum interface it is required that `T` has a publicly accessible no-throw destructor. In that case you need to initialize the optional object with function `emplace()` or use [*InPlaceFactories].
Additionally, if `T` is `Moveable`, `optional<T>` is also `Moveable` and can be easily initialized from an rvalue of type `T` and be passed by value.
Additionally if `T` is `Copyable`, `optional<T>` is also `Copyable` and can be easily initialized from an lvalue of type `T`.
`T` [_is not] required to be __SGI_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE__.
[endsect]

4
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
] ]
[section Discussion] [section Motivation]
Consider these functions which should return a value but which might not have Consider these functions which should return a value but which might not have
a value to return: a value to return:
@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ without ever checking if it has a valid value.
Clearly, we need a better idiom. Clearly, we need a better idiom.
[endsect] [endsect]

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
] ]
[section Development] [section Design Overview]
[section The models] [section The models]

0
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139
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@ -0,0 +1,139 @@

[section In-Place Factories]
One of the typical problems with wrappers and containers is that their
interfaces usually provide an operation to initialize or assign the
contained object as a copy of some other object. This not only requires the
underlying type to be __COPY_CONSTRUCTIBLE__, but also requires the existence of
a fully constructed object, often temporary, just to follow the copy from:
struct X
{
X ( int, std::string ) ;
} ;
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
} ;
void foo()
{
// Temporary object created.
W ( X(123,"hello") ) ;
}
A solution to this problem is to support direct construction of the
contained object right in the container's storage.
In this scheme, the user only needs to supply the arguments to the
constructor to use in the wrapped object construction.
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
W ( int a0, std::string a1) : wrapped_(a0,a1) {}
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place
// No temporary created.
W (123,"hello") ;
}
A limitation of this method is that it doesn't scale well to wrapped
objects with multiple constructors nor to generic code were the constructor
overloads are unknown.
The solution presented in this library is the family of [*InPlaceFactories]
and [*TypedInPlaceFactories].
These factories are a family of classes which encapsulate an increasing
number of arbitrary constructor parameters and supply a method to construct
an object of a given type using those parameters at an address specified by
the user via placement new.
For example, one member of this family looks like:
template<class T,class A0, class A1>
class TypedInPlaceFactory2
{
A0 m_a0 ; A1 m_a1 ;
public:
TypedInPlaceFactory2( A0 const& a0, A1 const& a1 ) : m_a0(a0), m_a1(a1) {}
void construct ( void* p ) { new (p) T(m_a0,m_a1) ; }
} ;
A wrapper class aware of this can use it as:
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
W ( TypedInPlaceFactory2 const& fac ) { fac.construct(&wrapped_) ; }
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a TypedInPlaceFactory.
// No temporary created.
W ( TypedInPlaceFactory2<X,int,std::string>(123,"hello")) ;
}
The factories are divided in two groups:
* [_TypedInPlaceFactories]: those which take the target type as a primary
template parameter.
* [_InPlaceFactories]: those with a template `construct(void*)` member
function taking the target type.
Within each group, all the family members differ only in the number of
parameters allowed.
This library provides an overloaded set of helper template functions to
construct these factories without requiring unnecessary template parameters:
template<class A0,...,class AN>
InPlaceFactoryN <A0,...,AN> in_place ( A0 const& a0, ..., AN const& aN) ;
template<class T,class A0,...,class AN>
TypedInPlaceFactoryN <T,A0,...,AN> in_place ( T const& a0, A0 const& a0, ..., AN const& aN) ;
In-place factories can be used generically by the wrapper and user as follows:
class W
{
X wrapped_ ;
public:
W ( X const& x ) : wrapped_(x) {}
template< class InPlaceFactory >
W ( InPlaceFactory const& fac ) { fac.template <X>construct(&wrapped_) ; }
} ;
void foo()
{
// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a InPlaceFactory.
// No temporary created.
W ( in_place(123,"hello") ) ;
}
The factories are implemented in the headers: __IN_PLACE_FACTORY_HPP__ and __TYPED_IN_PLACE_FACTORY_HPP__
[endsect]

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@ -0,0 +1,52 @@

[section A note about optional<bool>]
`optional<bool>` should be used with special caution and consideration.
First, it is functionally similar to a tristate boolean (false, maybe, true)
—such as __BOOST_TRIBOOL__— except that in a tristate boolean, the maybe state
[_represents a valid value], unlike the corresponding state of an uninitialized
`optional<bool>`.
It should be carefully considered if an `optional<bool>` instead of a `tribool`
is really needed.
Second, although `optional<>` provides a contextual conversion to `bool` in C++11,
this falls back to an implicit conversion on older compilers. This conversion refers
to the initialization state and not to the contained value. Using `optional<bool>`
can lead to subtle errors due to the implicit `bool` conversion:
void foo ( bool v ) ;
void bar()
{
optional<bool> v = try();
// The following intended to pass the value of 'v' to foo():
foo(v);
// But instead, the initialization state is passed
// due to a typo: it should have been foo(*v).
}
The only implicit conversion is to `bool`, and it is safe in the sense that
typical integral promotions don't apply (i.e. if `foo()` takes an `int`
instead, it won't compile).
Third, mixed comparisons with `bool` work differently than similar mixed comparisons between pointers and `bool`, so the results might surprise you:
optional<bool> oEmpty(none), oTrue(true), oFalse(false);
if (oEmpty == none); // renders true
if (oEmpty == false); // renders false!
if (oEmpty == true); // renders false!
if (oFalse == none); // renders false
if (oFalse == false); // renders true!
if (oFalse == true); // renders false
if (oTrue == none); // renders false
if (oTrue == false); // renders false
if (oTrue == true); // renders true
In other words, for `optional<>`, the following assertion does not hold:
assert((opt == false) == (!opt));
[endsect]

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@ -0,0 +1,57 @@

[section Exception Safety Guarantees]
This library assumes that `T`'s destructor does not throw exceptions. If it does, the behaviour of many operations on `optional<T>` is undefined.
The following mutating operations never throw exceptions:
* `optional<T>::operator= ( none_t ) noexcept`
* `optional<T>::reset() noexcept`
In addition, the following constructors and the destructor never throw exceptions:
* `optional<T>::optional() noexcept`
* `optional<T>::optional( none_t ) noexcept`
Regarding the following assignment functions:
* `optional<T>::operator= ( optional<T> const& )`
* `optional<T>::operator= ( T const& )`
* `template<class U> optional<T>::operator= ( optional<U> const& )`
* `template<class InPlaceFactory> optional<T>::operator= ( InPlaceFactory const& )`
* `template<class TypedInPlaceFactory> optional<T>::operator= ( TypedInPlaceFactory const& ) `
* `optional<T>::reset( T const& )`
They forward calls to the corresponding `T`'s constructors or assignments (depending on whether the optional object is initialized or not); so if both `T`'s constructor and the assignment provide strong exception safety guarantee, `optional<T>`'s assignment also provides strong exception safety guarantee; otherwise we only get the basic guarantee. Additionally, if both involved `T`'s constructor and the assignment never throw, `optional<T>`'s assignment also never throws.
Unless `T`'s constructor or assignment throws, assignments to `optional<T>` do not throw anything else on its own. A throw during assignment never changes the initialization state of any optional object involved:
optional<T> opt1(val1);
optional<T> opt2(val2);
assert(opt1);
assert(opt2);
try
{
opt1 = opt2; // throws
}
catch(...)
{
assert(opt1);
assert(opt2);
}
This also applies to move assignments/constructors. However, move operations are made no-throw more often.
Operation `emplace` provides basic exception safety guarantee. If it throws, the optional object becomes uninitialized regardless of its initial state, and its previous contained value (if any) is destroyed. It doesn't call any assignment or move/copy constructor on `T`.
[heading Swap]
Unless `swap` on optional is customized, its primary implementation forwards calls to `T`'s `swap` or move constructor (depending on the initialization state of the optional objects). Thus, if both `T`'s `swap` and move constructor never throw, `swap` on `optional<T>` never throws. similarly, if both `T`'s `swap` and move constructor offer strong guarantee, `swap` on `optional<T>` also offers a strong guarantee.
In case `swap` on optional is customized, the call to `T`'s move constructor are replaced with the calls to `T`'s default constructor followed by `swap`. (This is more useful on older compilers that do not support move semantics, when one wants to acheive stronger exception safety guarantees.) In this case the exception safety guarantees for `swap` are reliant on the guarantees of `T`'s `swap` and default constructor
[endsect]

10
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@ -0,0 +1,10 @@

[section Type requirements]
At the very minimum for `optional<T>` to work with a minimum interface it is required that `T` has a publicly accessible no-throw destructor. In that case you need to initialize the optional object with function `emplace()` or use [*InPlaceFactories].
Additionally, if `T` is `Moveable`, `optional<T>` is also `Moveable` and can be easily initialized from an rvalue of type `T` and be passed by value.
Additionally, if `T` is `Copyable`, `optional<T>` is also `Copyable` and can be easily initialized from an lvalue of type `T`.
`T` [_is not] required to be __SGI_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTIBLE__.
[endsect]

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@ -71,13 +71,16 @@
T const* operator ->() const ; ``[link reference_optional_operator_arrow __GO_TO__]`` T const* operator ->() const ; ``[link reference_optional_operator_arrow __GO_TO__]``
T* operator ->() ; ``[link reference_optional_operator_arrow __GO_TO__]`` T* operator ->() ; ``[link reference_optional_operator_arrow __GO_TO__]``
T const& operator *() const ; ``[link reference_optional_get __GO_TO__]`` T const& operator *() const& ; ``[link reference_optional_operator_asterisk __GO_TO__]``
T& operator *() ; ``[link reference_optional_get __GO_TO__]`` T& operator *() &; ``[link reference_optional_operator_asterisk __GO_TO__]``
T&& operator *() &&; ``[link reference_optional_operator_asterisk __GO_TO__]``
T const& value() const ; ``[link reference_optional_value __GO_TO__]`` T const& value() const& ; ``[link reference_optional_value __GO_TO__]``
T& value() ; ``[link reference_optional_value __GO_TO__]`` T& value() & ; ``[link reference_optional_value __GO_TO__]``
T&& value() && ; ``[link reference_optional_value __GO_TO__]``
template<class U> T value_or( U && v ) const ; ``[link reference_optional_value_or __GO_TO__]`` template<class U> T value_or( U && v ) const& ; ``[link reference_optional_value_or __GO_TO__]``
template<class U> T value_or( U && v ) && ; ``[link reference_optional_value_or __GO_TO__]``
T const* get_ptr() const ; ``[link reference_optional_get_ptr __GO_TO__]`` T const* get_ptr() const ; ``[link reference_optional_get_ptr __GO_TO__]``
T* get_ptr() ; ``[link reference_optional_get_ptr __GO_TO__]`` T* get_ptr() ; ``[link reference_optional_get_ptr __GO_TO__]``
@ -467,7 +470,7 @@ factory.
* [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is [_initialized] and its value is ['directly given] * [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is [_initialized] and its value is ['directly given]
from the factory `f` (i.e., the value [_is not copied]). from the factory `f` (i.e., the value [_is not copied]).
* [*Throws:] Whatever the `T` constructor called by the factory throws. * [*Throws:] Whatever the `T` constructor called by the factory throws.
* [*Notes:] See [link boost_optional.in_place_factories In-Place Factories] * [*Notes:] See [link boost_optional.tutorial.in_place_factories In-Place Factories]
* [*Exception Safety:] Exceptions can only be thrown during the call to * [*Exception Safety:] Exceptions can only be thrown during the call to
the `T` constructor used by the factory; in that case, this constructor has the `T` constructor used by the factory; in that case, this constructor has
no effect. no effect.
@ -530,7 +533,7 @@ __SPACE__
* [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is initialized and it references the same * [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is initialized and it references the same
object referenced by `rhs`. object referenced by `rhs`.
* [*Notes:] If `*this` was initialized, it is ['rebound] to the new object. * [*Notes:] If `*this` was initialized, it is ['rebound] to the new object.
See [link boost_optional.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references here] for details on this behavior. See [link boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references here] for details on this behavior.
* [*Example:] * [*Example:]
`` ``
int a = 1 ; int a = 1 ;
@ -625,7 +628,7 @@ __SPACE__
references the same object referenced by `*rhs`; otherwise, `*this` is references the same object referenced by `*rhs`; otherwise, `*this` is
uninitialized (and references no object). uninitialized (and references no object).
* [*Notes:] If `*this` was initialized and so is `*rhs`, `*this` is ['rebound] to * [*Notes:] If `*this` was initialized and so is `*rhs`, `*this` is ['rebound] to
the new object. See [link boost_optional.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references here] for details on this behavior. the new object. See [link boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references here] for details on this behavior.
* [*Example:] * [*Example:]
`` ``
int a = 1 ; int a = 1 ;
@ -773,7 +776,7 @@ factory.
* [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is [_initialized] and its value is ['directly given] * [*Postconditions: ] `*this` is [_initialized] and its value is ['directly given]
from the factory `f` (i.e., the value [_is not copied]). from the factory `f` (i.e., the value [_is not copied]).
* [*Throws:] Whatever the `T` constructor called by the factory throws. * [*Throws:] Whatever the `T` constructor called by the factory throws.
* [*Notes:] See [link boost_optional.in_place_factories In-Place Factories] * [*Notes:] See [link boost_optional.tutorial.in_place_factories In-Place Factories]
* [*Exception Safety:] Exceptions can only be thrown during the call to * [*Exception Safety:] Exceptions can only be thrown during the call to
the `T` constructor used by the factory; in that case, the `optional` object the `T` constructor used by the factory; in that case, the `optional` object
will be reset to be ['uninitialized]. will be reset to be ['uninitialized].
@ -790,14 +793,12 @@ __SPACE__
[#reference_optional_reset] [#reference_optional_reset]
[: `void optional<T>::reset() noexcept ;`] [: `void optional<T>::reset() noexcept ;`]
* [*Deprecated:] Same as `operator=( detail::none_t );` * [*Deprecated:] Same as `operator=( none_t );`
__SPACE__ __SPACE__
[#reference_optional_get] [#reference_optional_get]
[: `T const& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::operator*() const ;`]
[: `T& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::operator*();`]
[: `T const& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::get() const ;`] [: `T const& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::get() const ;`]
[: `T& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::get() ;`] [: `T& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::get() ;`]
@ -808,6 +809,32 @@ __SPACE__
* [*Returns:] A reference to the contained value * [*Returns:] A reference to the contained value
* [*Throws:] Nothing. * [*Throws:] Nothing.
* [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`. * [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`.
__SPACE__
[: `T const& optional<T&>::get() const ;`]
[: `T& optional<T&>::get() ;`]
[: `inline T const& get ( optional<T&> const& ) ;`]
[: `inline T& get ( optional<T&> &) ;`]
* [*Requires: ] `*this` is initialized
* [*Returns:] [_The] reference contained.
* [*Throws:] Nothing.
* [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`.
__SPACE__
[#reference_optional_operator_asterisk]
[: `T const& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::operator*() const& ;`]
[: `T& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::operator*() &;`]
[: `T&& optional<T` ['(not a ref)]`>::operator*() &&;`]
* [*Requires:] `*this` is initialized
* [*Returns:] A reference to the contained value
* [*Throws:] Nothing.
* [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`. On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a `const` and non-`const` member functions.
* [*Example:] * [*Example:]
`` ``
T v ; T v ;
@ -821,14 +848,36 @@ assert ( *opt == w ) ;
__SPACE__ __SPACE__
[: `T const& optional<T&>::operator*() const& ;`]
[: `T & optional<T&>::operator*() & ;`]
[: `T & optional<T&>::operator*() && ;`]
* [*Requires: ] `*this` is initialized
* [*Returns:] [_The] reference contained.
* [*Throws:] Nothing.
* [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`. On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a `const` and non-`const` member functions.
* [*Example:]
``
T v ;
T& vref = v ;
optional<T&> opt ( vref );
T const& vref2 = *opt;
assert ( vref2 == v ) ;
++ v ;
assert ( *opt == v ) ;
``
__SPACE__
[#reference_optional_value] [#reference_optional_value]
[: `T const& optional<T>::value() const ;`] [: `T const& optional<T>::value() const& ;`]
[: `T& optional<T>::value();`] [: `T& optional<T>::value() & ;`]
[: `T&& optional<T>::value() && ;`]
* [*Returns:] A reference to the contained value, if `*this` is initialized. * [*Returns:] A reference to the contained value, if `*this` is initialized.
* [*Throws:] An instance of `bad_optional_access`, if `*this` is not initialized. * [*Throws:] An instance of `bad_optional_access`, if `*this` is not initialized.
* [*Notes:] On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a `const` and non-`const` member functions.
* [*Example:] * [*Example:]
`` ``
T v ; T v ;
@ -848,12 +897,13 @@ __SPACE__
[#reference_optional_value_or] [#reference_optional_value_or]
[: `template<class U> T optional<T>::value_or(U && v) const ;`] [: `template<class U> T optional<T>::value_or(U && v) const& ;`]
[: `template<class U> T optional<T>::value_or(U && v) && ;`]
* [*Requires:] `T` is CopyConstructible. * [*Requires:] `T` is CopyConstructible.
* [*Returns:] `bool(*this) ? **this : static_cast<T>(forward<U>(v))`. * [*Returns:] First overload: `bool(*this) ? **this : static_cast<T>(forward<U>(v))`. second overload: `bool(*this) ? std::move(**this) : static_cast<T>(forward<U>(v))`.
* [*Throws:] Any exception thrown by the selected constructor of `T`. * [*Throws:] Any exception thrown by the selected constructor of `T`.
* [*Notes:] On compilers without rvalue reference support the type of `v` becomes `U const&`. * [*Notes:] On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a `const` and non-`const` member functions. On compilers without rvalue reference support the type of `v` becomes `U const&`.
__SPACE__ __SPACE__
@ -881,30 +931,6 @@ assert ( u == v ) ;
assert ( u != z ) ; assert ( u != z ) ;
`` ``
__SPACE__
[: `T const& optional<T&>::operator*() const ;`]
[: `T & optional<T&>::operator*();`]
[: `T const& optional<T&>::get() const ;`]
[: `T& optional<T&>::get() ;`]
[: `inline T const& get ( optional<T&> const& ) ;`]
[: `inline T& get ( optional<T&> &) ;`]
* [*Requires: ] `*this` is initialized
* [*Returns:] [_The] reference contained.
* [*Throws:] Nothing.
* [*Notes:] The requirement is asserted via `BOOST_ASSERT()`.
* [*Example:]
``
T v ;
T& vref = v ;
optional<T&> opt ( vref );
T const& vref2 = *opt;
assert ( vref2 == v ) ;
++ v ;
assert ( *opt == v ) ;
``
__SPACE__ __SPACE__

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@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ boostbook standalone
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../.. <xsl:param>boost.root=../../../..
<xsl:param>toc.max.depth=2 <xsl:param>toc.max.depth=2
<xsl:param>toc.section.depth=2 <xsl:param>toc.section.depth=2
<xsl:param>chunk.section.depth=1 <xsl:param>chunk.first.sections=2
<xsl:param>chunk.section.depth=2
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/ <format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/optional/doc/html <format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/optional/doc/html
; ;

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<a name="boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability"></a><a class="link" href="dependencies_and_portability.html" title="Dependencies and Portability">Dependencies <a name="boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability"></a><a class="link" href="dependencies_and_portability.html" title="Dependencies and Portability">Dependencies
and Portability</a> and Portability</a>
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<div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="dependencies_and_portability.html#boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding">Optional <div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="dependencies_and_portability/optional_reference_binding.html">Optional
Reference Binding</a></span></dt></dl></div> Reference Binding</a></span></dt></dl></div>
<p> <p>
The implementation uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">type_traits</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">alignment_of</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> and The implementation uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">type_traits</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">alignment_of</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">type_traits</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_with_alignment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">type_traits</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">type_with_alignment</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
</p> </p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding"></a><a class="link" href="dependencies_and_portability.html#boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding" title="Optional Reference Binding">Optional
Reference Binding</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
On compilers that do not conform to Standard C++ rules of reference binding,
operations on optional references might give adverse results: rather than
binding a reference to a designated object they may create an unexpected
temporary and bind to it. Compilers known to have these deficiencies include
GCC versions 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5; QCC 4.4.2; MSVC versions 8.0, 9.0, 10.0,
11.0, 12.0. On these compilers prefer using direct-initialization and copy
assignment of optional references to copy-initialization and assignment from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or1</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// not portable</span>
<span class="identifier">or1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// not portable</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or3</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// portable</span>
<span class="identifier">or1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// portable</span>
</pre>
<p>
In order to check if your compiler correctly implements reference binding
use this test program.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cassert</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ii</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">ii</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ii</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">ii</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;)</span> <span class="comment">// remove this if your compiler doesn't have rvalue refs</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">iref</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span> <span class="identifier">ttt</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ttt</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span> <span class="identifier">ttt2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ttt2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
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@ -106,7 +44,7 @@
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding"></a><a class="link" href="optional_reference_binding.html" title="Optional Reference Binding">Optional
Reference Binding</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
On compilers that do not conform to Standard C++ rules of reference binding,
operations on optional references might give adverse results: rather than
binding a reference to a designated object they may create an unexpected
temporary and bind to it. Compilers known to have these deficiencies include
GCC versions 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5; QCC 4.4.2; MSVC versions 8.0, 9.0, 10.0,
11.0, 12.0. On these compilers prefer using direct-initialization and copy
assignment of optional references to copy-initialization and assignment from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or1</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// not portable</span>
<span class="identifier">or1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// not portable</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">or3</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// portable</span>
<span class="identifier">or1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// portable</span>
</pre>
<p>
In order to check if your compiler correctly implements reference binding
use this test program.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cassert</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ii</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">ii</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ii</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">ii</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;)</span> <span class="comment">// remove this if your compiler doesn't have rvalue refs</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">iref</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span> <span class="identifier">ttt</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ttt</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">global_i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">TestingReferenceBinding</span> <span class="identifier">ttt2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ttt2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iref</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;Boost.Optional"> <link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;Boost.Optional">
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<hr> <hr>
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<a accesskey="p" href="synopsis.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="examples.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a> <a accesskey="p" href="synopsis.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="dependencies_and_portability.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
constructor called by the factory throws. constructor called by the factory throws.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> See <a class="link" href="in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> See <a class="link" href="tutorial/in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a> Factories</a>
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -712,7 +712,7 @@
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> was initialized, it is <span class="emphasis"><em>rebound</em></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> was initialized, it is <span class="emphasis"><em>rebound</em></span>
to the new object. See <a class="link" href="rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html" title="Rebinding semantics for assignment of optional references">here</a> to the new object. See <a class="link" href="tutorial/rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html" title="Rebinding semantics for assignment of optional references">here</a>
for details on this behavior. for details on this behavior.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -872,7 +872,7 @@
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> was initialized and so is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>, <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> was initialized and so is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">rhs</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code>
is <span class="emphasis"><em>rebound</em></span> to the new object. See <a class="link" href="rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html" title="Rebinding semantics for assignment of optional references">here</a> is <span class="emphasis"><em>rebound</em></span> to the new object. See <a class="link" href="tutorial/rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html" title="Rebinding semantics for assignment of optional references">here</a>
for details on this behavior. for details on this behavior.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@
constructor called by the factory throws. constructor called by the factory throws.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> See <a class="link" href="in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> See <a class="link" href="tutorial/in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a> Factories</a>
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -1177,20 +1177,12 @@
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">reset</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">reset</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div> </p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Deprecated:</strong></span> Same as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span> <span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">);</span></code> <span class="bold"><strong>Deprecated:</strong></span> Same as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=(</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">);</span></code>
</li></ul></div> </li></ul></div>
<p> <p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p> </p>
<a name="reference_optional_get"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <a name="reference_optional_get"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
<span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*();</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
<span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div> </p></blockquote></div>
@ -1224,6 +1216,76 @@
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li> </li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Requires: </strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> <span class="underline">The</span>
reference contained.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p>
<a name="reference_optional_operator_asterisk"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
<span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(not a ref)</em></span><code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Requires:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> A reference to the contained
value
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these
three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>
and non-<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code> member functions.
</li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
@ -1236,15 +1298,63 @@
</pre> </pre>
</li> </li>
</ul></div> </ul></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Requires: </strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> <span class="underline">The</span>
reference contained.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
On compilers that do not support ref-qualifiers on member functions these
three overloads are replaced with the classical two: a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>
and non-<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code> member functions.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">vref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vref</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">vref2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vref2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p> <p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p> </p>
<a name="reference_optional_value"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <a name="reference_optional_value"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div> </p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span></code> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div> </p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -1257,6 +1367,12 @@
if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code>
is not initialized. is not initialized.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> On compilers that do not support
ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with
the classical two: a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>
and non-<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code> member functions.
</li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
@ -1276,7 +1392,11 @@
</ul></div> </ul></div>
<a name="reference_optional_value_or"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> <a name="reference_optional_value_or"></a><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div> </p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
@ -1284,17 +1404,22 @@
is CopyConstructible. is CopyConstructible.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> First overload: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">?</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">forward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
<span class="special">?</span> <span class="special">**</span><span class="keyword">this</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">forward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">))</span></code>. second overload: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">?</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">move</span><span class="special">(**</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">forward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Any exception thrown by the selected <span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Any exception thrown by the selected
constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</li> </li>
<li class="listitem"> <li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> On compilers without rvalue reference <span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> On compilers that do not support
support the type of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code> becomes ref-qualifiers on member functions these three overloads are replaced with
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>. the classical two: a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code>
and non-<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></code> member functions.
On compilers without rvalue reference support the type of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span></code> becomes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>.
</li> </li>
</ul></div> </ul></div>
<p> <p>
@ -1348,60 +1473,6 @@
</pre> </pre>
</li> </li>
</ul></div> </ul></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*();</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">;</span></code>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Requires: </strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="keyword">this</span></code> is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Returns:</strong></span> <span class="underline">The</span>
reference contained.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Throws:</strong></span> Nothing.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Notes:</strong></span> The requirement is asserted via
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Example:</strong></span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">vref</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vref</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">vref2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vref2</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p> <p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/space.png" alt="space"></span>
</p> </p>
@ -1898,7 +1969,7 @@
</tr></table> </tr></table>
<hr> <hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"> <div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="synopsis.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="examples.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a> <a accesskey="p" href="synopsis.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="dependencies_and_portability.html"><img src="../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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6
doc/html/boost_optional/development.html
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On compilers that do not conform to Standard C++ rules of reference binding, On compilers that do not conform to Standard C++ rules of reference binding,
operations on optional references might give adverse results: rather than operations on optional references might give adverse results: rather than
binding a reference to a designated object they may create an unexpected binding a reference to a designated object they may create an unexpected
temporary and bind to it. For more details see <a class="link" href="dependencies_and_portability.html#boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding" title="Optional Reference Binding">Dependencies temporary and bind to it. For more details see <a class="link" href="dependencies_and_portability/optional_reference_binding.html" title="Optional Reference Binding">Dependencies
and Portability section</a>. and Portability section</a>.
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<h4>
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.quick_start.optional_return_values"></a></span><a class="link" href="quick_start.html#boost_optional.quick_start.optional_return_values">Optional
return values</a>
</h4>
<p>
Let's write and use a converter function that converts an a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>
to an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. It is possible that
for a given string (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"cat"</span></code>)
there exist no value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
capable of representing the conversion result. We do not consider such situation
an error. We expect that the converter can be used only to check if the conversion
is possible. A natural signature for this function can be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
All necessary functionality can be included with one header <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
The above function signature means that the function can either return a value
of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> or a flag indicating
that no value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> is available.
This does not indicate an error. It is like one additional value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. This is how we can use our function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="comment">/*... */</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// move-construct</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// contextual conversion to bool</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// operator*</span>
</pre>
<p>
In order to test if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>
contains a value, we use the contextual conversion to type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>.
Because of this we can combine the initialization of the optional object and
the test into one instruction:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
We extract the contained value with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*</span></code> (and with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> where it makes sense). An attempt to extract
the contained value of an uninitialized optional object is an <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined
behaviour</em></span> (UB). This implementation guards the call with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span></code>. Therefore you should be sure
that the contained value is there before extracting. For instance, the following
code is reasonably UB-safe:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"100"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is because we know that string value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"100"</span></code>
converts to a valid value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>.
If you do not like this potential UB, you can use an alternative way of extracting
the contained value:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_optional_access</span><span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// deal with it</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
This version throws an exception upon an attempt to access a non-existent contained
value. If your way of dealing with the missing value is to use some default,
like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, there exists a yet another
alternative:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">k</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This uses the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">atoi</span></code>-like approach
to conversions: if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">text</span></code> does
not represent an integral number just return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
Now, let's consider how function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span></code>
can be implemented.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Observe the two return statements. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span></code> uses the converting constructor
that can create <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> from
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. Thus constructed optional
object is initialized and its value is a copy of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>.
The other return statement uses another converting constructor from a special
tag <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. It is used to indicate that we want
to create an uninitialized optional object.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.quick_start.optional_automatic_variables"></a></span><a class="link" href="quick_start.html#boost_optional.quick_start.optional_automatic_variables">Optional
automatic variables</a>
</h4>
<p>
We could write function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span></code>
in a slightly different manner, so that it has a single <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span></code>-statement:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ans</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">ans</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">ans</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The default constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>
creates an unitialized optional object. Unlike with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>s
you cannot have an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
in an indeterminate state. Its state is always well defined. Instruction <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ans</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span></code>
initializes the optional object. It uses the assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. In general, for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
when an assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is
invoked, it can do two things. If the optional object is not initialized our
case here), it initializes it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
copy constructor. If the optional object is already initialized, it assigns
the new value to it using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
copy assignment.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.quick_start.optional_data_members"></a></span><a class="link" href="quick_start.html#boost_optional.quick_start.optional_data_members">Optional
data members</a>
</h4>
<p>
Suppose we want to implement a <span class="emphasis"><em>lazy load</em></span> optimization.
This is because we do not want to perform an expensive initialization of our
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code> until (if at all)
it is really used. We can do it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Widget</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">Widget</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">getResource</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment">// not thread-safe</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">emplace</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"resource"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"arguments"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>'s default constructor
creates an uninitialized optional. No call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>'s
default constructor is attempted. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>
doesn't have to be <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html" target="_top">Default
Constructible</a>. In function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getResource</span></code>
we first check if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">resource_</span></code>
is initialized. This time we do not use the contextual conversion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>, but a comparison with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. These
two ways are equivalent. Function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code>
initializes the optional in-place by perfect-forwarding the arguments to the
constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>. No
copy- or move-construction is involved here. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>
doesn't even have to be <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MoveConstructible</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> is only
available on compilers that support rvalue references and variadic templates.
If your compiler does not support these features and you still need to avoid
any move-constructions, use <a class="link" href="tutorial/in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<h4>
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.quick_start.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction"></a></span><a class="link" href="quick_start.html#boost_optional.quick_start.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction">Bypassing
unnecessary default construction</a>
</h4>
<p>
Suppose we have class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Date</span></code>,
which does not have a default constructor: there is no good candidate for a
default date. We have a function that returns two dates in form of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
In other place we want to use the result of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getPeriod</span></code>,
but want the two dates to be named: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span></code>. We want to implement
something like 'multiple return values':
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Date</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Error: no default ctor!</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
The second line works already, this is the capability of Boost.Tuple library,
but the first line won't work. We could set some invented initial dates, but
it is confusing and may be an unacceptable cost, given that these values will
be overwritten in the next line anyway. This is where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>
can help:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
It works because inside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span></code> a move-assignment
from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is invoked on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, which
internally calls a move-constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction"></a><a class="link" href="bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction.html" title="Bypassing unnecessary default construction">Bypassing
unnecessary default construction</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Suppose we have class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Date</span></code>,
which does not have a default constructor: there is no good candidate for
a default date. We have a function that returns two dates in form of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
In other place we want to use the result of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getPeriod</span></code>,
but want the two dates to be named: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span></code>. We want to implement
something like 'multiple return values':
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Date</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Error: no default ctor!</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
The second line works already, this is the capability of Boost.Tuple library,
but the first line won't work. We could set some invented initial dates,
but it is confusing and may be an unacceptable cost, given that these values
will be overwritten in the next line anyway. This is where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> can help:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
It works because inside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span></code> a
move-assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is
invoked on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
which internally calls a move-constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.quick_start.optional_automatic_variables"></a><a class="link" href="optional_automatic_variables.html" title="Optional automatic variables">Optional
automatic variables</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
We could write function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span></code>
in a slightly different manner, so that it has a single <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span></code>-statement:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ans</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">ans</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">ans</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The default constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>
creates an unitialized optional object. Unlike with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>s
you cannot have an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
in an indeterminate state. Its state is always well defined. Instruction
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ans</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span></code> initializes the optional object.
It uses the assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>.
In general, for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
when an assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
is invoked, it can do two things. If the optional object is not initialized
our case here), it initializes it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
copy constructor. If the optional object is already initialized, it assigns
the new value to it using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
copy assignment.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<p>
Suppose we want to implement a <span class="emphasis"><em>lazy load</em></span> optimization.
This is because we do not want to perform an expensive initialization of
our <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code> until (if at
all) it is really used. We can do it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Widget</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">Widget</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">getResource</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment">// not thread-safe</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">emplace</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"resource"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"arguments"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>'s default constructor
creates an uninitialized optional. No call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>'s
default constructor is attempted. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>
doesn't have to be <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html" target="_top">Default
Constructible</a>. In function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getResource</span></code>
we first check if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">resource_</span></code>
is initialized. This time we do not use the contextual conversion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>, but a comparison with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. These two ways are equivalent. Function
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> initializes the optional
in-place by perfect-forwarding the arguments to the constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>. No copy- or move-construction
is involved here. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>
doesn't even have to be <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MoveConstructible</span></code>.
</p>
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<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> is only
available on compilers that support rvalue references and variadic templates.
If your compiler does not support these features and you still need to
avoid any move-constructions, use <a class="link" href="../tutorial/in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a>.
</p></td></tr>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<p>
Let's write and use a converter function that converts an a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>
to an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. It is possible that
for a given string (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"cat"</span></code>)
there exist no value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
capable of representing the conversion result. We do not consider such situation
an error. We expect that the converter can be used only to check if the conversion
is possible. A natural signature for this function can be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
All necessary functionality can be included with one header <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
The above function signature means that the function can either return a
value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> or a flag
indicating that no value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
is available. This does not indicate an error. It is like one additional
value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. This is how we
can use our function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="comment">/*... */</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// move-construct</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// contextual conversion to bool</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// operator*</span>
</pre>
<p>
In order to test if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>
contains a value, we use the contextual conversion to type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>. Because of this we can combine the initialization
of the optional object and the test into one instruction:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
We extract the contained value with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*</span></code> (and with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> where it makes sense). An attempt to
extract the contained value of an uninitialized optional object is an <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined
behaviour</em></span> (UB). This implementation guards the call with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span></code>. Therefore you should be sure
that the contained value is there before extracting. For instance, the following
code is reasonably UB-safe:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"100"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is because we know that string value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"100"</span></code>
converts to a valid value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>.
If you do not like this potential UB, you can use an alternative way of extracting
the contained value:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_optional_access</span><span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// deal with it</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
This version throws an exception upon an attempt to access a non-existent
contained value. If your way of dealing with the missing value is to use
some default, like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, there exists
a yet another alternative:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">k</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This uses the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">atoi</span></code>-like approach
to conversions: if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">text</span></code> does
not represent an integral number just return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
Now, let's consider how function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span></code>
can be implemented.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Observe the two return statements. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span></code> uses the converting constructor
that can create <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. Thus constructed
optional object is initialized and its value is a copy of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>.
The other return statement uses another converting constructor from a special
tag <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. It is used to indicate that we want
to create an uninitialized optional object.
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<pre class="programlisting"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="comment">// In Header: &lt;</span></code><a href="../../../../../../boost/optional/optional.hpp" target="_top">boost/optional/optional.hpp</a><span class="comment">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// (If T is of reference type, the parameters and results by reference are by value)</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_none_t"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_move_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="comment">// [new in 1.34]</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">condition</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_bool_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="emphasis"><em>see below</em></span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_move_constructor_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_other_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_move_constructor_other_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_factory"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_constructor_factory"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_none_t"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_move_equal_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="emphasis"><em>see below</em></span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_move_equal_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_other_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rhs</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_move_equal_other_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">emplace</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span><span class="special">...&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">args</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_emplace"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_factory"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_equal_factory"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value_or"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value_or"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">explicit</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_bool"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">!()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_not"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="comment">// deprecated methods</span>
<span class="comment">// (deprecated)</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">reset</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_reset"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="comment">// (deprecated)</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">reset</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_reset_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="comment">// (deprecated)</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_initialized</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_is_initialized"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="comment">// (deprecated)</span>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get_value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_value_or_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_equal_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_not_equal_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_less_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_greater_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&lt;=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_less_or_equal_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">&gt;=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_greater_or_equal_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_equal_optional_none"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_operator_compare_not_equal_optional_none"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">make_optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_make_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">make_optional</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">condition</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_make_optional_bool_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get_optional_value_or</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_value_or_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;*</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_pointer</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_pointer</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">swap</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_swap_optional_optional"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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@ -86,13 +86,16 @@
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">-&gt;()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_arrow"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">*()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_operator_asterisk"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value_or"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value_or"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_value_or"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
<span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">get_ptr</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">;</span> <a class="link" href="detailed_semantics.html#reference_optional_get_ptr"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/callouts/R.png" alt="R"></span></a>
@ -165,7 +168,7 @@
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_return_values">Optional <dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt>
return values</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview">Design Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_data_members">Optional
data members</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction">Bypassing
unnecessary default construction</a></span></dt>
</dl></div> </dl></div>
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<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.optional_return_values"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_return_values" title="Optional return values">Optional <a name="boost_optional.tutorial.motivation"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a>
return values</a>
</h3></div></div></div> </h3></div></div></div>
<p> <p>
Let's write and use a converter function that converts an a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code> Consider these functions which should return a value but which might not
to an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. It is possible that have a value to return:
for a given string (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"cat"</span></code>)
there exist no value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
capable of representing the conversion result. We do not consider such situation
an error. We expect that the converter can be used only to check if the conversion
is possible. A natural signature for this function can be:
</p> </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span> <li class="listitem">
(A) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">sqrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">);</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
(B) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">get_async_input</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
(C) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="identifier">polygon</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
There are different approaches to the issue of not having a value to return.
</p>
<p>
A typical approach is to consider the existence of a valid return value as
a postcondition, so that if the function cannot compute the value to return,
it has either undefined behavior (and can use assert in a debug build) or
uses a runtime check and throws an exception if the postcondition is violated.
This is a reasonable choice for example, for function (A), because the lack
of a proper return value is directly related to an invalid parameter (out
of domain argument), so it is appropriate to require the callee to supply
only parameters in a valid domain for execution to continue normally.
</p>
<p>
However, function (B), because of its asynchronous nature, does not fail
just because it can't find a value to return; so it is incorrect to consider
such a situation an error and assert or throw an exception. This function
must return, and somehow, must tell the callee that it is not returning a
meaningful value.
</p>
<p>
A similar situation occurs with function (C): it is conceptually an error
to ask a <span class="emphasis"><em>null-area</em></span> polygon to return a point inside
itself, but in many applications, it is just impractical for performance
reasons to treat this as an error (because detecting that the polygon has
no area might be too expensive to be required to be tested previously), and
either an arbitrary point (typically at infinity) is returned, or some efficient
way to tell the callee that there is no such point is used.
</p>
<p>
There are various mechanisms to let functions communicate that the returned
value is not valid. One such mechanism, which is quite common since it has
zero or negligible overhead, is to use a special value which is reserved
to communicate this. Classical examples of such special values are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">EOF</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">npos</span></code>,
points at infinity, etc...
</p>
<p>
When those values exist, i.e. the return type can hold all meaningful values
<span class="emphasis"><em>plus</em></span> the <span class="emphasis"><em>signal</em></span> value, this mechanism
is quite appropriate and well known. Unfortunately, there are cases when
such values do not exist. In these cases, the usual alternative is either
to use a wider type, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
in place of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>; or a compound
type, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Returning a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, thus attaching a boolean flag to the
result which indicates if the result is meaningful, has the advantage that
can be turned into a consistent idiom since the first element of the pair
can be whatever the function would conceptually return. For example, the
last two functions could have the following interface:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">get_async_input</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">polygon</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre> </pre>
<p> <p>
All necessary functionality can be included with one header <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>. These functions use a consistent interface for dealing with possibly nonexistent
The above function signature means that the function can either return a results:
value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> or a flag
indicating that no value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
is available. This does not indicate an error. It is like one additional
value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>. This is how we
can use our function:
</p> </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="comment">/*... */</span><span class="special">;</span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">p</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">poly</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// move-construct</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">second</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// contextual conversion to bool</span> <span class="identifier">flood_fill</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// operator*</span>
</pre> </pre>
<p> <p>
In order to test if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> However, not only is this quite a burden syntactically, it is also error
contains a value, we use the contextual conversion to type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>. Because of this we can combine the initialization prone since the user can easily use the function result (first element of
of the optional object and the test into one instruction: the pair) without ever checking if it has a valid value.
</p> </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p> <p>
We extract the contained value with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">*</span></code> (and with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> where it makes sense). An attempt to Clearly, we need a better idiom.
extract the contained value of an uninitialized optional object is an <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined
behaviour</em></span> (UB). This implementation guards the call with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_ASSERT</span></code>. Therefore you should be sure
that the contained value is there before extracting. For instance, the following
code is reasonably UB-safe:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"100"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is because we know that string value <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"100"</span></code>
converts to a valid value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>.
If you do not like this potential UB, you can use an alternative way of extracting
the contained value:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bad_optional_access</span><span class="special">&amp;)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// deal with it</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
This version throws an exception upon an attempt to access a non-existent
contained value. If your way of dealing with the missing value is to use
some default, like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>, there exists
a yet another alternative:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">k</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">value_or</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This uses the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">atoi</span></code>-like approach
to conversions: if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">text</span></code> does
not represent an integral number just return <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">0</span></code>.
Now, let's consider how function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">convert</span></code>
can be implemented.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optionl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">stringstream</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">text</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">eof</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Observe the two return statements. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">i</span></code> uses the converting constructor
that can create <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. Thus constructed
optional object is initialized and its value is a copy of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">i</span></code>.
The other return statement uses another converting constructor from a special
tag <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. It is used to indicate that we want
to create an uninitialized optional object.
</p> </p>
</div> </div>
<div class="section"> <div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"> <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.optional_data_members"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_data_members" title="Optional data members">Optional <a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview" title="Design Overview">Design Overview</a>
data members</a>
</h3></div></div></div> </h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models">The
models</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics">The
semantics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface">The
Interface</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models" title="The models">The
models</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p> <p>
Suppose we want to implement a <span class="emphasis"><em>lazy load</em></span> optimization. In C++, we can <span class="emphasis"><em>declare</em></span> an object (a variable) of type
This is because we do not want to perform an expensive initialization of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>, and we can give this
our <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code> until (if at variable an <span class="emphasis"><em>initial value</em></span> (through an <span class="emphasis"><em>initializer</em></span>.
all) it is really used. We can do it this way: (cf. 8.5)). When a declaration includes a non-empty initializer (an initial
</p> value is given), it is said that the object has been initialized. If the
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Widget</span> declaration uses an empty initializer (no initial value is given), and
<span class="special">{</span> neither default nor value initialization applies, it is said that the object
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span> is <span class="bold"><strong>uninitialized</strong></span>. Its actual value exist
but has an <span class="emphasis"><em>indeterminate initial value</em></span> (cf. 8.5/11).
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
<span class="identifier">Widget</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span> intends to formalize the notion of initialization (or lack of it) allowing
a program to test whether an object has been initialized and stating that
<span class="identifier">Resource</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">getResource</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment">// not thread-safe</span> access to the value of an uninitialized object is undefined behavior. That
<span class="special">{</span> is, when a variable is declared as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> and no initial value is given, the
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">)</span> variable is <span class="emphasis"><em>formally</em></span> uninitialized. A formally uninitialized
<span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">emplace</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"resource"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"arguments"</span><span class="special">);</span> optional object has conceptually no value at all and this situation can
be tested at runtime. It is formally <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined behavior</em></span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">resource_</span><span class="special">;</span> to try to access the value of an uninitialized optional. An uninitialized
<span class="special">}</span> optional can be assigned a value, in which case its initialization state
<span class="special">};</span> changes to initialized. Furthermore, given the formal treatment of initialization
</pre> states in optional objects, it is even possible to reset an optional to
<span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span>.
</p>
<p> <p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>'s default constructor In C++ there is no formal notion of uninitialized objects, which means
creates an uninitialized optional. No call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>'s that objects always have an initial value even if indeterminate. As discussed
default constructor is attempted. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code> on the previous section, this has a drawback because you need additional
doesn't have to be <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html" target="_top">Default information to tell if an object has been effectively initialized. One
Constructible</a>. In function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getResource</span></code> of the typical ways in which this has been historically dealt with is via
we first check if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">resource_</span></code> a special value: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">EOF</span></code>,
is initialized. This time we do not use the contextual conversion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>, but a comparison with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">none</span></code>. These two ways are equivalent. Function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">npos</span></code>, -1, etc... This is
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> initializes the optional equivalent to adding the special value to the set of possible values of
in-place by perfect-forwarding the arguments to the constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code>. No copy- or move-construction a given type. This super set of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
is involved here. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Resource</span></code> plus some <span class="emphasis"><em>nil_t</em></span>&#8212;where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
doesn't even have to be <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MoveConstructible</span></code>. is some stateless POD&#8212;can be modeled in modern languages as a <span class="bold"><strong>discriminated union</strong></span> of T and nil_t. Discriminated
</p> unions are often called <span class="emphasis"><em>variants</em></span>. A variant has a
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note"> <span class="emphasis"><em>current type</em></span>, which in our case is either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>.
Using the <a href="../../../../variant/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Variant</a>
library, this model can be implemented in terms of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variant</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>. There is precedent for a discriminated
union as a model for an optional value: the <a href="http://www.haskell.org/" target="_top">Haskell</a>
<span class="bold"><strong>Maybe</strong></span> built-in type constructor. Thus,
a discriminated union <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">+</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
serves as a conceptual foundation.
</p>
<p>
A <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">variant</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> follows naturally from the traditional
idiom of extending the range of possible values adding an additional sentinel
value with the special meaning of <span class="emphasis"><em>Nothing</em></span>. However,
this additional <span class="emphasis"><em>Nothing</em></span> value is largely irrelevant
for our purpose since our goal is to formalize the notion of uninitialized
objects and, while a special extended value can be used to convey that
meaning, it is not strictly necessary in order to do so.
</p>
<p>
The observation made in the last paragraph about the irrelevant nature
of the additional <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
with respect to <span class="underline">purpose</span> of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
suggests an alternative model: a <span class="emphasis"><em>container</em></span> that either
has a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> or nothing.
</p>
<p>
As of this writing I don't know of any precedent for a variable-size fixed-capacity
(of 1) stack-based container model for optional values, yet I believe this
is the consequence of the lack of practical implementations of such a container
rather than an inherent shortcoming of the container model.
</p>
<p>
In any event, both the discriminated-union or the single-element container
models serve as a conceptual ground for a class representing optional&#8212;i.e.
possibly uninitialized&#8212;objects. For instance, these models show the
<span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> semantics required for a wrapper of optional
values:
</p>
<p>
Discriminated-union:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-copy</strong></span> semantics: copies of the
variant implies copies of the value.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-relational</strong></span> semantics: comparisons
between variants matches both current types and values
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the variant's current type is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized</em></span> optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the variant's current type is not <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span> optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Testing if the variant's current type is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
models testing if the optional is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Trying to extract a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
from a variant when its current type is not <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
models the undefined behavior of trying to access the value of an uninitialized
optional
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Single-element container:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-copy</strong></span> semantics: copies of the
container implies copies of the value.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-relational</strong></span> semantics: comparisons
between containers compare container size and if match, contained value
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the container is not empty (contains an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>), it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized</em></span>
optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the container is empty, it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span>
optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Testing if the container is empty models testing if the optional is
initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Trying to extract a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
from an empty container models the undefined behavior of trying to
access the value of an uninitialized optional
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics" title="The semantics">The
semantics</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> are intended to be used in places where
objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> would
but which might be uninitialized. Hence, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>'s purpose is to formalize the additional
possibly uninitialized state. From the perspective of this role, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
can have the same operational semantics of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
plus the additional semantics corresponding to this special state. As such,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
could be thought of as a <span class="emphasis"><em>supertype</em></span> of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. Of course, we can't do that in C++,
so we need to compose the desired semantics using a different mechanism.
Doing it the other way around, that is, making <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> a <span class="emphasis"><em>subtype</em></span> of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is not only conceptually
wrong but also impractical: it is not allowed to derive from a non-class
type, such as a built-in type.
</p>
<p>
We can draw from the purpose of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> the required basic semantics:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Default Construction:</strong></span> To introduce
a formally uninitialized wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Construction via copy:</strong></span>
To introduce a formally initialized wrapped object whose value is obtained
as a copy of some object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Deep Copy Construction:</strong></span> To obtain
a new yet equivalent wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Assignment (upon initialized):</strong></span>
To assign a value to the wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Assignment (upon uninitialized):</strong></span>
To initialize the wrapped object with a value obtained as a copy of
some object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Assignment (upon initialized):</strong></span> To
assign to the wrapped object the value of another wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Assignment (upon uninitialized):</strong></span> To
initialize the wrapped object with value of another wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Deep Relational Operations (when supported by
the type T):</strong></span> To compare wrapped object values taking into
account the presence of uninitialized states.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Value access:</strong></span> To unwrap the wrapped
object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Initialization state query:</strong></span> To determine
if the object is formally initialized or not.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Swap:</strong></span> To exchange wrapped objects.
(with whatever exception safety guarantees are provided by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s swap).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>De-initialization:</strong></span> To release the
wrapped object (if any) and leave the wrapper in the uninitialized
state.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Additional operations are useful, such as converting constructors and converting
assignments, in-place construction and assignment, and safe value access
via a pointer to the wrapped object or null.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface" title="The Interface">The
Interface</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Since the purpose of optional is to allow us to use objects with a formal
uninitialized additional state, the interface could try to follow the interface
of the underlying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> type
as much as possible. In order to choose the proper degree of adoption of
the native <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> interface,
the following must be noted: Even if all the operations supported by an
instance of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> are
defined for the entire range of values for such a type, an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
extends such a set of values with a new value for which most (otherwise
valid) operations are not defined in terms of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> itself is merely a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
wrapper (modeling a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> supertype),
any attempt to define such operations upon uninitialized optionals will
be totally artificial w.r.t. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
This library chooses an interface which follows from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
interface only for those operations which are well defined (w.r.t the type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>) even if any of the operands
are uninitialized. These operations include: construction, copy-construction,
assignment, swap and relational operations.
</p>
<p>
For the value access operations, which are undefined (w.r.t the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>) when the operand is uninitialized,
a different interface is chosen (which will be explained next).
</p>
<p>
Also, the presence of the possibly uninitialized state requires additional
operations not provided by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
itself which are supported by a special interface.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.lexically_hinted_value_access_in_the_presence_of_possibly_untitialized_optional_objects__the_operators___and___gt_"></a></span><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.lexically_hinted_value_access_in_the_presence_of_possibly_untitialized_optional_objects__the_operators___and___gt_">Lexically-hinted
Value Access in the presence of possibly untitialized optional objects:
The operators * and -&gt;</a>
</h6>
<p>
A relevant feature of a pointer is that it can have a <span class="bold"><strong>null
pointer value</strong></span>. This is a <span class="emphasis"><em>special</em></span> value
which is used to indicate that the pointer is not referring to any object
at all. In other words, null pointer values convey the notion of nonexistent
objects.
</p>
<p>
This meaning of the null pointer value allowed pointers to became a <span class="emphasis"><em>de
facto</em></span> standard for handling optional objects because all you
have to do to refer to a value which you don't really have is to use a
null pointer value of the appropriate type. Pointers have been used for
decades&#8212;from the days of C APIs to modern C++ libraries&#8212;to <span class="emphasis"><em>refer</em></span>
to optional (that is, possibly nonexistent) objects; particularly as optional
arguments to a function, but also quite often as optional data members.
</p>
<p>
The possible presence of a null pointer value makes the operations that
access the pointee's value possibly undefined, therefore, expressions which
use dereference and access operators, such as: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">p</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>, implicitly convey the notion of optionality,
and this information is tied to the <span class="emphasis"><em>syntax</em></span> of the
expressions. That is, the presence of operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> tell by themselves
&#8212;without any additional context&#8212; that the expression will be undefined
unless the implied pointee actually exist.
</p>
<p>
Such a <span class="emphasis"><em>de facto</em></span> idiom for referring to optional objects
can be formalized in the form of a concept: the <a href="../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html" target="_top">OptionalPointee</a>
concept. This concept captures the syntactic usage of operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code>
and contextual conversion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
to convey the notion of optionality.
</p>
<p>
However, pointers are good to <span class="underline">refer</span>
to optional objects, but not particularly good to handle the optional objects
in all other respects, such as initializing or moving/copying them. The
problem resides in the shallow-copy of pointer semantics: if you need to
effectively move or copy the object, pointers alone are not enough. The
problem is that copies of pointers do not imply copies of pointees. For
example, as was discussed in the motivation, pointers alone cannot be used
to return optional objects from a function because the object must move
outside from the function and into the caller's context.
</p>
<p>
A solution to the shallow-copy problem that is often used is to resort
to dynamic allocation and use a smart pointer to automatically handle the
details of this. For example, if a function is to optionally return an
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, it can use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
as the return value. However, this requires dynamic allocation of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>. If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>
is a built-in or small POD, this technique is very poor in terms of required
resources. Optional objects are essentially values so it is very convenient
to be able to use automatic storage and deep-copy semantics to manipulate
optional values just as we do with ordinary values. Pointers do not have
this semantics, so are inappropriate for the initialization and transport
of optional values, yet are quite convenient for handling the access to
the possible undefined value because of the idiomatic aid present in the
<a href="../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html" target="_top">OptionalPointee</a>
concept incarnated by pointers.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.optional_lt_t_gt__as_a_model_of_optionalpointee"></a></span><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.optional_lt_t_gt__as_a_model_of_optionalpointee">Optional&lt;T&gt;
as a model of OptionalPointee</a>
</h6>
<p>
For value access operations <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> uses operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> to lexically warn
about the possibly uninitialized state appealing to the familiar pointer
semantics w.r.t. to null pointers.
</p>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr> <tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th> <th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr> </tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> is only However, it is particularly important to note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> objects are not pointers. <span class="underline"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> is not, and does not model, a
available on compilers that support rvalue references and variadic templates. pointer</span>.
If your compiler does not support these features and you still need to </p></td></tr>
avoid any move-constructions, use <a class="link" href="in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div> </table></div>
<p>
For instance, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> does not have shallow-copy so does
not alias: two different optionals never refer to the <span class="emphasis"><em>same</em></span>
value unless <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> itself is
a reference (but may have <span class="emphasis"><em>equivalent</em></span> values). The
difference between an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> and a pointer must be kept in mind,
particularly because the semantics of relational operators are different:
since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
is a value-wrapper, relational operators are deep: they compare optional
values; but relational operators for pointers are shallow: they do not
compare pointee values. As a result, you might be able to replace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
on some situations but not always. Specifically, on generic code written
for both, you cannot use relational operators directly, and must use the
template functions <a href="../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html#equal" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_pointees</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
and <a href="../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html#less" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">less_pointees</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
instead.
</p>
</div> </div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction"></a><a class="link" href="tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction" title="Bypassing unnecessary default construction">Bypassing
unnecessary default construction</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Suppose we have class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Date</span></code>,
which does not have a default constructor: there is no good candidate for
a default date. We have a function that returns two dates in form of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
In other place we want to use the result of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">getPeriod</span></code>,
but want the two dates to be named: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span></code>. We want to implement
something like 'multiple return values':
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">Date</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Error: no default ctor!</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
The second line works already, this is the capability of Boost.Tuple library,
but the first line won't work. We could set some initial invented dates,
but it is confusing and may be an unacceptable cost, given that these values
will be overwritten in the next line anyway. This is where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> can help:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Date</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getPeriod</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
It works because inside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tie</span></code> a
move-assignment from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is
invoked on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>,
which internally calls a move-constructor of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
</div> </div>
</div> </div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr> <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
@ -233,7 +517,7 @@
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<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.a_note_about_optional_bool_"></a><a class="link" href="a_note_about_optional_bool_.html" title="A note about optional&lt;bool&gt;">A
note about optional&lt;bool&gt;</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> should
be used with special caution and consideration.
</p>
<p>
First, it is functionally similar to a tristate boolean (false, maybe, true)
&#8212;such as <a href="../../../../../../doc/html/tribool.html" target="_top">boost::tribool</a>&#8212;
except that in a tristate boolean, the maybe state <span class="underline">represents
a valid value</span>, unlike the corresponding state of an uninitialized
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
It should be carefully considered if an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
instead of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">tribool</span></code> is really
needed.
</p>
<p>
Second, although <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> provides a contextual conversion
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code> in C++11, this falls
back to an implicit conversion on older compilers. This conversion refers
to the initialization state and not to the contained value. Using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> can
lead to subtle errors due to the implicit <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
conversion:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="comment">// The following intended to pass the value of 'v' to foo():</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// But instead, the initialization state is passed</span>
<span class="comment">// due to a typo: it should have been foo(*v).</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The only implicit conversion is to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>,
and it is safe in the sense that typical integral promotions don't apply
(i.e. if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
takes an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> instead, it won't
compile).
</p>
<p>
Third, mixed comparisons with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
work differently than similar mixed comparisons between pointers and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>, so the results might surprise you:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oEmpty</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">oTrue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">oFalse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oEmpty</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders true</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oEmpty</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false!</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oEmpty</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false!</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oFalse</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oFalse</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders true!</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oFalse</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oTrue</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">none</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oTrue</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders false</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">oTrue</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// renders true</span>
</pre>
<p>
In other words, for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>, the following assertion does not
hold:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">opt</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview"></a><a class="link" href="design_overview.html" title="Design Overview">Design Overview</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models">The
models</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics">The
semantics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface">The
Interface</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models"></a><a class="link" href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_models" title="The models">The
models</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
In C++, we can <span class="emphasis"><em>declare</em></span> an object (a variable) of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>, and we can give this
variable an <span class="emphasis"><em>initial value</em></span> (through an <span class="emphasis"><em>initializer</em></span>.
(cf. 8.5)). When a declaration includes a non-empty initializer (an initial
value is given), it is said that the object has been initialized. If the
declaration uses an empty initializer (no initial value is given), and
neither default nor value initialization applies, it is said that the object
is <span class="bold"><strong>uninitialized</strong></span>. Its actual value exist
but has an <span class="emphasis"><em>indeterminate initial value</em></span> (cf. 8.5/11).
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
intends to formalize the notion of initialization (or lack of it) allowing
a program to test whether an object has been initialized and stating that
access to the value of an uninitialized object is undefined behavior. That
is, when a variable is declared as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> and no initial value is given, the
variable is <span class="emphasis"><em>formally</em></span> uninitialized. A formally uninitialized
optional object has conceptually no value at all and this situation can
be tested at runtime. It is formally <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined behavior</em></span>
to try to access the value of an uninitialized optional. An uninitialized
optional can be assigned a value, in which case its initialization state
changes to initialized. Furthermore, given the formal treatment of initialization
states in optional objects, it is even possible to reset an optional to
<span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
In C++ there is no formal notion of uninitialized objects, which means
that objects always have an initial value even if indeterminate. As discussed
on the previous section, this has a drawback because you need additional
information to tell if an object has been effectively initialized. One
of the typical ways in which this has been historically dealt with is via
a special value: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">EOF</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">npos</span></code>, -1, etc... This is
equivalent to adding the special value to the set of possible values of
a given type. This super set of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
plus some <span class="emphasis"><em>nil_t</em></span>&#8212;where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
is some stateless POD&#8212;can be modeled in modern languages as a <span class="bold"><strong>discriminated union</strong></span> of T and nil_t. Discriminated
unions are often called <span class="emphasis"><em>variants</em></span>. A variant has a
<span class="emphasis"><em>current type</em></span>, which in our case is either <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>.
Using the <a href="../../../../../variant/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Variant</a>
library, this model can be implemented in terms of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">variant</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>. There is precedent for a discriminated
union as a model for an optional value: the <a href="http://www.haskell.org/" target="_top">Haskell</a>
<span class="bold"><strong>Maybe</strong></span> built-in type constructor. Thus,
a discriminated union <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">+</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
serves as a conceptual foundation.
</p>
<p>
A <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">variant</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">nil_t</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> follows naturally from the traditional
idiom of extending the range of possible values adding an additional sentinel
value with the special meaning of <span class="emphasis"><em>Nothing</em></span>. However,
this additional <span class="emphasis"><em>Nothing</em></span> value is largely irrelevant
for our purpose since our goal is to formalize the notion of uninitialized
objects and, while a special extended value can be used to convey that
meaning, it is not strictly necessary in order to do so.
</p>
<p>
The observation made in the last paragraph about the irrelevant nature
of the additional <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nil_t</span></code>
with respect to <span class="underline">purpose</span> of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
suggests an alternative model: a <span class="emphasis"><em>container</em></span> that either
has a value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> or nothing.
</p>
<p>
As of this writing I don't know of any precedent for a variable-size fixed-capacity
(of 1) stack-based container model for optional values, yet I believe this
is the consequence of the lack of practical implementations of such a container
rather than an inherent shortcoming of the container model.
</p>
<p>
In any event, both the discriminated-union or the single-element container
models serve as a conceptual ground for a class representing optional&#8212;i.e.
possibly uninitialized&#8212;objects. For instance, these models show the
<span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> semantics required for a wrapper of optional
values:
</p>
<p>
Discriminated-union:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-copy</strong></span> semantics: copies of the
variant implies copies of the value.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-relational</strong></span> semantics: comparisons
between variants matches both current types and values
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the variant's current type is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized</em></span> optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the variant's current type is not <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span> optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Testing if the variant's current type is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
models testing if the optional is initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Trying to extract a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
from a variant when its current type is not <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>,
models the undefined behavior of trying to access the value of an uninitialized
optional
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Single-element container:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-copy</strong></span> semantics: copies of the
container implies copies of the value.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>deep-relational</strong></span> semantics: comparisons
between containers compare container size and if match, contained value
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the container is not empty (contains an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>), it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized</em></span>
optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If the container is empty, it is modeling an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span>
optional.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Testing if the container is empty models testing if the optional is
initialized
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Trying to extract a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
from an empty container models the undefined behavior of trying to
access the value of an uninitialized optional
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics"></a><a class="link" href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_semantics" title="The semantics">The
semantics</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> are intended to be used in places where
objects of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> would
but which might be uninitialized. Hence, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>'s purpose is to formalize the additional
possibly uninitialized state. From the perspective of this role, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
can have the same operational semantics of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
plus the additional semantics corresponding to this special state. As such,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
could be thought of as a <span class="emphasis"><em>supertype</em></span> of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. Of course, we can't do that in C++,
so we need to compose the desired semantics using a different mechanism.
Doing it the other way around, that is, making <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> a <span class="emphasis"><em>subtype</em></span> of
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is not only conceptually
wrong but also impractical: it is not allowed to derive from a non-class
type, such as a built-in type.
</p>
<p>
We can draw from the purpose of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> the required basic semantics:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Default Construction:</strong></span> To introduce
a formally uninitialized wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Construction via copy:</strong></span>
To introduce a formally initialized wrapped object whose value is obtained
as a copy of some object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Deep Copy Construction:</strong></span> To obtain
a new yet equivalent wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Assignment (upon initialized):</strong></span>
To assign a value to the wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Direct Value Assignment (upon uninitialized):</strong></span>
To initialize the wrapped object with a value obtained as a copy of
some object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Assignment (upon initialized):</strong></span> To
assign to the wrapped object the value of another wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Assignment (upon uninitialized):</strong></span> To
initialize the wrapped object with value of another wrapped object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Deep Relational Operations (when supported by
the type T):</strong></span> To compare wrapped object values taking into
account the presence of uninitialized states.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Value access:</strong></span> To unwrap the wrapped
object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Initialization state query:</strong></span> To determine
if the object is formally initialized or not.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>Swap:</strong></span> To exchange wrapped objects.
(with whatever exception safety guarantees are provided by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s swap).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>De-initialization:</strong></span> To release the
wrapped object (if any) and leave the wrapper in the uninitialized
state.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Additional operations are useful, such as converting constructors and converting
assignments, in-place construction and assignment, and safe value access
via a pointer to the wrapped object or null.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface"></a><a class="link" href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface" title="The Interface">The
Interface</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Since the purpose of optional is to allow us to use objects with a formal
uninitialized additional state, the interface could try to follow the interface
of the underlying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> type
as much as possible. In order to choose the proper degree of adoption of
the native <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> interface,
the following must be noted: Even if all the operations supported by an
instance of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> are
defined for the entire range of values for such a type, an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
extends such a set of values with a new value for which most (otherwise
valid) operations are not defined in terms of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> itself is merely a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
wrapper (modeling a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> supertype),
any attempt to define such operations upon uninitialized optionals will
be totally artificial w.r.t. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
This library chooses an interface which follows from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
interface only for those operations which are well defined (w.r.t the type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>) even if any of the operands
are uninitialized. These operations include: construction, copy-construction,
assignment, swap and relational operations.
</p>
<p>
For the value access operations, which are undefined (w.r.t the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>) when the operand is uninitialized,
a different interface is chosen (which will be explained next).
</p>
<p>
Also, the presence of the possibly uninitialized state requires additional
operations not provided by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
itself which are supported by a special interface.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.lexically_hinted_value_access_in_the_presence_of_possibly_untitialized_optional_objects__the_operators___and___gt_"></a></span><a class="link" href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.lexically_hinted_value_access_in_the_presence_of_possibly_untitialized_optional_objects__the_operators___and___gt_">Lexically-hinted
Value Access in the presence of possibly untitialized optional objects:
The operators * and -&gt;</a>
</h6>
<p>
A relevant feature of a pointer is that it can have a <span class="bold"><strong>null
pointer value</strong></span>. This is a <span class="emphasis"><em>special</em></span> value
which is used to indicate that the pointer is not referring to any object
at all. In other words, null pointer values convey the notion of nonexistent
objects.
</p>
<p>
This meaning of the null pointer value allowed pointers to became a <span class="emphasis"><em>de
facto</em></span> standard for handling optional objects because all you
have to do to refer to a value which you don't really have is to use a
null pointer value of the appropriate type. Pointers have been used for
decades&#8212;from the days of C APIs to modern C++ libraries&#8212;to <span class="emphasis"><em>refer</em></span>
to optional (that is, possibly nonexistent) objects; particularly as optional
arguments to a function, but also quite often as optional data members.
</p>
<p>
The possible presence of a null pointer value makes the operations that
access the pointee's value possibly undefined, therefore, expressions which
use dereference and access operators, such as: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">p</span>
<span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">)</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>, implicitly convey the notion of optionality,
and this information is tied to the <span class="emphasis"><em>syntax</em></span> of the
expressions. That is, the presence of operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> tell by themselves
&#8212;without any additional context&#8212; that the expression will be undefined
unless the implied pointee actually exist.
</p>
<p>
Such a <span class="emphasis"><em>de facto</em></span> idiom for referring to optional objects
can be formalized in the form of a concept: the <a href="../../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html" target="_top">OptionalPointee</a>
concept. This concept captures the syntactic usage of operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code>
and contextual conversion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
to convey the notion of optionality.
</p>
<p>
However, pointers are good to <span class="underline">refer</span>
to optional objects, but not particularly good to handle the optional objects
in all other respects, such as initializing or moving/copying them. The
problem resides in the shallow-copy of pointer semantics: if you need to
effectively move or copy the object, pointers alone are not enough. The
problem is that copies of pointers do not imply copies of pointees. For
example, as was discussed in the motivation, pointers alone cannot be used
to return optional objects from a function because the object must move
outside from the function and into the caller's context.
</p>
<p>
A solution to the shallow-copy problem that is often used is to resort
to dynamic allocation and use a smart pointer to automatically handle the
details of this. For example, if a function is to optionally return an
object <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>, it can use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
as the return value. However, this requires dynamic allocation of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>. If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>
is a built-in or small POD, this technique is very poor in terms of required
resources. Optional objects are essentially values so it is very convenient
to be able to use automatic storage and deep-copy semantics to manipulate
optional values just as we do with ordinary values. Pointers do not have
this semantics, so are inappropriate for the initialization and transport
of optional values, yet are quite convenient for handling the access to
the possible undefined value because of the idiomatic aid present in the
<a href="../../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html" target="_top">OptionalPointee</a>
concept incarnated by pointers.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.optional_lt_t_gt__as_a_model_of_optionalpointee"></a></span><a class="link" href="design_overview.html#boost_optional.tutorial.design_overview.the_interface.optional_lt_t_gt__as_a_model_of_optionalpointee">Optional&lt;T&gt;
as a model of OptionalPointee</a>
</h6>
<p>
For value access operations <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> uses operators <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-&gt;</span></code> to lexically warn
about the possibly uninitialized state appealing to the familiar pointer
semantics w.r.t. to null pointers.
</p>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
However, it is particularly important to note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> objects are not pointers. <span class="underline"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> is not, and does not model, a
pointer</span>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
For instance, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> does not have shallow-copy so does
not alias: two different optionals never refer to the <span class="emphasis"><em>same</em></span>
value unless <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> itself is
a reference (but may have <span class="emphasis"><em>equivalent</em></span> values). The
difference between an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> and a pointer must be kept in mind,
particularly because the semantics of relational operators are different:
since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
is a value-wrapper, relational operators are deep: they compare optional
values; but relational operators for pointers are shallow: they do not
compare pointee values. As a result, you might be able to replace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
on some situations but not always. Specifically, on generic code written
for both, you cannot use relational operators directly, and must use the
template functions <a href="../../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html#equal" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_pointees</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
and <a href="../../../../../utility/OptionalPointee.html#less" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">less_pointees</span><span class="special">()</span></code></a>
instead.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.exception_safety_guarantees"></a><a class="link" href="exception_safety_guarantees.html" title="Exception Safety Guarantees">Exception
Safety Guarantees</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
This library assumes that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
destructor does not throw exceptions. If it does, the behaviour of many operations
on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> is
undefined.
</p>
<p>
The following mutating operations never throw exceptions:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">none_t</span>
<span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">reset</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
In addition, the following constructors and the destructor never throw exceptions:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">none_t</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Regarding the following assignment functions:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="special">)</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span>
<span class="special">)</span> </code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">reset</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="special">)</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
They forward calls to the corresponding <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
constructors or assignments (depending on whether the optional object is
initialized or not); so if both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
constructor and the assignment provide strong exception safety guarantee,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>'s
assignment also provides strong exception safety guarantee; otherwise we
only get the basic guarantee. Additionally, if both involved <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s constructor and the assignment never
throw, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>'s
assignment also never throws.
</p>
<p>
Unless <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s constructor or
assignment throws, assignments to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
do not throw anything else on its own. A throw during assignment never changes
the initialization state of any optional object involved:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">val1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">opt2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">val2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">opt1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">opt2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">opt1</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">opt2</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// throws</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">opt1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">opt2</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
This also applies to move assignments/constructors. However, move operations
are made no-throw more often.
</p>
<p>
Operation <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span></code> provides
basic exception safety guarantee. If it throws, the optional object becomes
uninitialized regardless of its initial state, and its previous contained
value (if any) is destroyed. It doesn't call any assignment or move/copy
constructor on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<h5>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.exception_safety_guarantees.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.exception_safety_guarantees.swap"></a></span><a class="link" href="exception_safety_guarantees.html#boost_optional.tutorial.exception_safety_guarantees.swap">Swap</a>
</h5>
<p>
Unless <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code> on optional is
customized, its primary implementation forwards calls to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code> or move constructor
(depending on the initialization state of the optional objects). Thus, if
both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code>
and move constructor never throw, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code>
on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> never
throws. similarly, if both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code> and move constructor
offer strong guarantee, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code>
on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> also
offers a strong guarantee.
</p>
<p>
In case <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code> on optional
is customized, the call to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
move constructor are replaced with the calls to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
default constructor followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code>.
(This is more useful on older compilers that do not support move semantics,
when one wants to acheive stronger exception safety guarantees.) In this
case the exception safety guarantees for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code>
are reliant on the guarantees of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>'s
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">swap</span></code> and default constructor
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.in_place_factories"></a><a class="link" href="in_place_factories.html" title="In-Place Factories">In-Place
Factories</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
One of the typical problems with wrappers and containers is that their interfaces
usually provide an operation to initialize or assign the contained object
as a copy of some other object. This not only requires the underlying type
to be <a href="../../../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html" target="_top">Copy Constructible</a>,
but also requires the existence of a fully constructed object, often temporary,
just to follow the copy from:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">W</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Temporary object created.</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A solution to this problem is to support direct construction of the contained
object right in the container's storage. In this scheme, the user only needs
to supply the arguments to the constructor to use in the wrapped object construction.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">W</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Wrapped object constructed in-place</span>
<span class="comment">// No temporary created.</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
A limitation of this method is that it doesn't scale well to wrapped objects
with multiple constructors nor to generic code were the constructor overloads
are unknown.
</p>
<p>
The solution presented in this library is the family of <span class="bold"><strong>InPlaceFactories</strong></span>
and <span class="bold"><strong>TypedInPlaceFactories</strong></span>. These factories
are a family of classes which encapsulate an increasing number of arbitrary
constructor parameters and supply a method to construct an object of a given
type using those parameters at an address specified by the user via placement
new.
</p>
<p>
For example, one member of this family looks like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">A1</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory2</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">A0</span> <span class="identifier">m_a0</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">A1</span> <span class="identifier">m_a1</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory2</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">A1</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a1</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">m_a0</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">m_a1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">construct</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">p</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">m_a0</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">m_a1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
A wrapper class aware of this can use it as:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">W</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory2</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">fac</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">fac</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a TypedInPlaceFactory.</span>
<span class="comment">// No temporary created.</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactory2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The factories are divided in two groups:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="underline">TypedInPlaceFactories</span>: those which
take the target type as a primary template parameter.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="underline">InPlaceFactories</span>: those with a
template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*)</span></code>
member function taking the target type.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Within each group, all the family members differ only in the number of parameters
allowed.
</p>
<p>
This library provides an overloaded set of helper template functions to construct
these factories without requiring unnecessary template parameters:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span><span class="special">,...,</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">AN</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">InPlaceFactoryN</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A0</span><span class="special">,...,</span><span class="identifier">AN</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">in_place</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...,</span> <span class="identifier">AN</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">aN</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span><span class="special">,...,</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">AN</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">TypedInPlaceFactoryN</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">A0</span><span class="special">,...,</span><span class="identifier">AN</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">in_place</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">A0</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">...,</span> <span class="identifier">AN</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">aN</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
In-place factories can be used generically by the wrapper and user as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">W</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">InPlaceFactory</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">fac</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">fac</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">wrapped_</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Wrapped object constructed in-place via a InPlaceFactory.</span>
<span class="comment">// No temporary created.</span>
<span class="identifier">W</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">in_place</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The factories are implemented in the headers: <a href="../../../../../../boost/utility/in_place_factory.hpp" target="_top">in_place_factory.hpp</a>
and <a href="../../../../../../boost/utility/typed_in_place_factory.hpp" target="_top">typed_in_place_factory.hpp</a>
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.motivation"></a><a class="link" href="motivation.html" title="Motivation">Motivation</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Consider these functions which should return a value but which might not
have a value to return:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
(A) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">sqrt</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">);</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
(B) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">get_async_input</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
(C) <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="identifier">polygon</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
There are different approaches to the issue of not having a value to return.
</p>
<p>
A typical approach is to consider the existence of a valid return value as
a postcondition, so that if the function cannot compute the value to return,
it has either undefined behavior (and can use assert in a debug build) or
uses a runtime check and throws an exception if the postcondition is violated.
This is a reasonable choice for example, for function (A), because the lack
of a proper return value is directly related to an invalid parameter (out
of domain argument), so it is appropriate to require the callee to supply
only parameters in a valid domain for execution to continue normally.
</p>
<p>
However, function (B), because of its asynchronous nature, does not fail
just because it can't find a value to return; so it is incorrect to consider
such a situation an error and assert or throw an exception. This function
must return, and somehow, must tell the callee that it is not returning a
meaningful value.
</p>
<p>
A similar situation occurs with function (C): it is conceptually an error
to ask a <span class="emphasis"><em>null-area</em></span> polygon to return a point inside
itself, but in many applications, it is just impractical for performance
reasons to treat this as an error (because detecting that the polygon has
no area might be too expensive to be required to be tested previously), and
either an arbitrary point (typically at infinity) is returned, or some efficient
way to tell the callee that there is no such point is used.
</p>
<p>
There are various mechanisms to let functions communicate that the returned
value is not valid. One such mechanism, which is quite common since it has
zero or negligible overhead, is to use a special value which is reserved
to communicate this. Classical examples of such special values are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">EOF</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">npos</span></code>,
points at infinity, etc...
</p>
<p>
When those values exist, i.e. the return type can hold all meaningful values
<span class="emphasis"><em>plus</em></span> the <span class="emphasis"><em>signal</em></span> value, this mechanism
is quite appropriate and well known. Unfortunately, there are cases when
such values do not exist. In these cases, the usual alternative is either
to use a wider type, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>
in place of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>; or a compound
type, such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Returning a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, thus attaching a boolean flag to the
result which indicates if the result is meaningful, has the advantage that
can be turned into a consistent idiom since the first element of the pair
can be whatever the function would conceptually return. For example, the
last two functions could have the following interface:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">get_async_input</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">polygon</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
These functions use a consistent interface for dealing with possibly nonexistent
results:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">p</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">poly</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_any_point_effectively_inside</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">second</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">flood_fill</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
However, not only is this quite a burden syntactically, it is also error
prone since the user can easily use the function result (first element of
the pair) without ever checking if it has a valid value.
</p>
<p>
Clearly, we need a better idiom.
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.optional_references"></a><a class="link" href="optional_references.html" title="Optional references">Optional
references</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
This library allows the template parameter <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
to be of reference type: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>, and to some extent, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
However, since references are not real objects some restrictions apply and
some operations are not available in this case:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
Converting constructors
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Converting assignment
</li>
<li class="listitem">
InPlace construction
</li>
<li class="listitem">
InPlace assignment
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Value-access via pointer
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Also, even though <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
treats it wrapped pseudo-object much as a real value, a true real reference
is stored so aliasing will ocurr:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
Copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
will copy the references but all these references will nonetheless refer
to the same object.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Value-access will actually provide access to the referenced object rather
than the reference itself.
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="warning"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/warning.png"></td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
On compilers that do not conform to Standard C++ rules of reference binding,
operations on optional references might give adverse results: rather than
binding a reference to a designated object they may create an unexpected
temporary and bind to it. For more details see <a class="link" href="../dependencies_and_portability/optional_reference_binding.html" title="Optional Reference Binding">Dependencies
and Portability section</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<h5>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.optional_references.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.optional_references.rvalue_references"></a></span><a class="link" href="optional_references.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_references.rvalue_references">Rvalue
references</a>
</h5>
<p>
Rvalue references and lvalue references to const have the ability in C++
to extend the life time of a temporary they bind to. Optional references
do not have this capability, therefore to avoid surprising effects it is
not possible to initialize an optional references from a temporary. Optional
rvalue references are disabled altogether. Also, the initialization and assignment
of an optional reference to const from rvalue reference is disabled.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// legal</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// illegal</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references"></a><a class="link" href="rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html" title="Rebinding semantics for assignment of optional references">Rebinding
semantics for assignment of optional references</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
If you assign to an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized </em></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
the effect is to bind (for the first time) to the object. Clearly, there
is no other choice.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rx</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ora</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">orb</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ora</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">orb</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// now 'ora' is bound to 'x' through 'rx'</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">ora</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Changes value of 'x' through 'ora'</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">==</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
If you assign to a bare C++ reference, the assignment is forwarded to the
referenced object; its value changes but the reference is never rebound.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ra</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rb</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ra</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">rb</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Changes the value of 'a' to 'b'</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">==</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ra</span><span class="special">!=</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// 'ra' is not rebound to 'b'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now, if you assign to an <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized </em></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>,
the effect is to <span class="bold"><strong>rebind</strong></span> to the new object
instead of assigning the referee. This is unlike bare C++ references.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">ra</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rb</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ora</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ra</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">orb</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">rb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">ora</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">orb</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// 'ora' is rebound to 'b'</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">ora</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Changes value of 'b' (not 'a')</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">==</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">==</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.rationale"></a></span><a class="link" href="rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html#boost_optional.tutorial.rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.rationale">Rationale</a>
</h5>
<p>
Rebinding semantics for the assignment of <span class="emphasis"><em>initialized </em></span>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> references has been
chosen to provide <span class="bold"><strong>consistency among initialization
states</strong></span> even at the expense of lack of consistency with the semantics
of bare C++ references. It is true that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
strives to behave as much as possible as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span></code>
does whenever it is initialized; but in the case when <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>,
doing so would result in inconsistent behavior w.r.t to the lvalue initialization
state.
</p>
<p>
Imagine <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
forwarding assignment to the referenced object (thus changing the referenced
object value but not rebinding), and consider the following code:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rx</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">rx</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
What does the assignment do?
</p>
<p>
If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> is <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized</em></span>,
the answer is clear: it binds to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span></code>
(we now have another reference to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span></code>).
But what if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> is already
<span class="emphasis"><em>initialized</em></span>? it would change the value of the referenced
object (whatever that is); which is inconsistent with the other possible
case.
</p>
<p>
If <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
would assign just like <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code> does, you would never be able to use
Optional's assignment without explicitly handling the previous initialization
state unless your code is capable of functioning whether after the assignment,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> aliases the same object
as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">b</span></code> or not.
</p>
<p>
That is, you would have to discriminate in order to be consistent.
</p>
<p>
If in your code rebinding to another object is not an option, then it is
very likely that binding for the first time isn't either. In such case, assignment
to an <span class="emphasis"><em>uninitialized </em></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span></code>
shall be prohibited. It is quite possible that in such a scenario it is a
precondition that the lvalue must be already initialized. If it isn't, then
binding for the first time is OK while rebinding is not which is IMO very
unlikely. In such a scenario, you can assign the value itself directly, as
in:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(!!</span><span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">opt</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_optional.tutorial.type_requirements"></a><a class="link" href="type_requirements.html" title="Type requirements">Type requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
At the very minimum for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
to work with a minimum interface it is required that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
has a publicly accessible no-throw destructor. In that case you need to initialize
the optional object with function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">emplace</span><span class="special">()</span></code> or use <span class="bold"><strong>InPlaceFactories</strong></span>.
Additionally, if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
is also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code> and can
be easily initialized from an rvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
and be passed by value. Additionally, if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> is
also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code> and can be
easily initialized from an lvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> <span class="underline">is
not</span> required to be <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/DefaultConstructible.html" target="_top">Default
Constructible</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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Additionally, if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> Additionally, if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
is also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code> and can be is also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Moveable</span></code> and can be
easily initialized from an rvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> easily initialized from an rvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
and be passed by value. Additionally if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> and be passed by value. Additionally, if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> is is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> is
also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code> and can be easily also <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Copyable</span></code> and can be easily
initialized from an lvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>. initialized from an lvalue of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>.

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<div class="toc"> <div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p> <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc"> <dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start.html">Quick Start</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl> <dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction.problem">Problem</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/motivation.html">Motivation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction.solution">Solution</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/design_overview.html">Design Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/optional_references.html">Optional
references</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html">Rebinding
semantics for assignment of optional references</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/in_place_factories.html">In-Place
Factories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/a_note_about_optional_bool_.html">A
note about optional&lt;bool&gt;</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/exception_safety_guarantees.html">Exception
Safety Guarantees</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/type_requirements.html">Type requirements</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd> </dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/reference.html">Reference</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl> <dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_return_values">Optional <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/synopsis.html">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
return values</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/detailed_semantics.html">Detailed
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.optional_data_members">Optional Semantics</a></span></dt>
data members</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction">Bypassing
unnecessary default construction</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd> </dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/discussion.html">Discussion</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/development.html">Development</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/development.html#boost_optional.development.the_models">The models</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/development.html#boost_optional.development.the_semantics">The semantics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/development.html#boost_optional.development.the_interface">The Interface</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/synopsis.html">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/detailed_semantics.html">Detailed Semantics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/examples.html">Examples</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/examples.html#boost_optional.examples.optional_return_values">Optional
return values</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/examples.html#boost_optional.examples.optional_local_variables">Optional
local variables</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/examples.html#boost_optional.examples.optional_data_members">Optional
data members</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/examples.html#boost_optional.examples.bypassing_expensive_unnecessary_default_construction">Bypassing
expensive unnecessary default construction</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/optional_references.html">Optional references</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/rebinding_semantics_for_assignment_of_optional_references.html">Rebinding
semantics for assignment of optional references</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/in_place_factories.html">In-Place Factories</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/a_note_about_optional_bool_.html">A note about
optional&lt;bool&gt;</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/exception_safety_guarantees.html">Exception Safety
Guarantees</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/type_requirements.html">Type requirements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability.html">Dependencies <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability.html">Dependencies
and Portability</a></span></dt> and Portability</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability.html#boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.optional_reference_binding">Optional <dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability/optional_reference_binding.html">Optional
Reference Binding</a></span></dt></dl></dd> Reference Binding</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt> <dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt>
</dl> </dl>
</div> </div>
<div class="section"> <h3>
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> <a name="optional.h0"></a>
<a name="optional.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a> <span class="phrase"><a name="optional.introduction"></a></span><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction">Introduction</a>
</h2></div></div></div> </h3>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction.problem">Problem</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction.solution">Solution</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p> <p>
Class template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> is Class template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> is a
a wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet) wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet)
contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are
good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only
library. library.
</p> </p>
<div class="section"> <h3>
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"> <a name="optional.h1"></a>
<a name="optional.introduction.problem"></a><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction.problem" title="Problem">Problem</a> <span class="phrase"><a name="optional.problem"></a></span><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.problem">Problem</a>
</h3></div></div></div> </h3>
<p> <p>
Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some
integral value, let's call it <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>. integral value, let's call it <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>.
It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no error.
error. It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program is supposed
is supposed to behave slightly different. Also suppose that any possible to behave slightly different. Also suppose that any possible value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> is a valid value for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>,
value of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> is a valid so we cannot jut use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1</span></code>
value for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>, to represent the absence of the parameter in the config file.
so we cannot jut use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1</span></code> </p>
to represent the absence of the parameter in the config file. <h3>
</p> <a name="optional.h2"></a>
</div> <span class="phrase"><a name="optional.solution"></a></span><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.solution">Solution</a>
<div class="section"> </h3>
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="optional.introduction.solution"></a><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction.solution" title="Solution">Solution</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p> <p>
This is how you solve it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>: This is how you solve it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>:
</p> </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// return either an int or a `not-an-int`</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// return either an int or a `not-an-int`</span>
@ -138,13 +111,11 @@
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre> </pre>
</div> </div>
</div>
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<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: June 03, 2014 at 14:35:30 GMT</small></p></td> <td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: June 04, 2014 at 16:06:37 GMT</small></p></td>
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<p>
Class template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> is
a wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet)
contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are
good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only
library.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="optional.introduction.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="optional.introduction.problem"></a></span><a class="link" href="introduction.html#optional.introduction.problem">Problem</a>
</h4>
<p>
Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some
integral value, let's call it <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>.
It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no error.
It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program is supposed
to behave slightly different. Also suppose that any possible value of type
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> is a valid value for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>, so we cannot jut use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1</span></code> to represent
the absence of the parameter in the config file.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="optional.introduction.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="optional.introduction.solution"></a></span><a class="link" href="introduction.html#optional.introduction.solution">Solution</a>
</h4>
<p>
This is how you solve it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// return either an int or a `not-an-int`</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// did I get a real int?</span>
<span class="identifier">runWithMax</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// use my int</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">runWithNoMax</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal<br>Copyright &#169; 2014 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<p>
This is how you solve it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// return either an int or a `not-an-int`</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// did I get a real int?</span>
<span class="identifier">runWithMax</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// use my int</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">runWithNoMax</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
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8
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@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ struct types_when_isnt_ref
typedef T & reference_type ; typedef T & reference_type ;
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES #ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
typedef T && rval_reference_type ; typedef T && rval_reference_type ;
typedef T && reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper;
#ifdef BOOST_MOVE_OLD_RVALUE_REF_BINDING_RULES #ifdef BOOST_MOVE_OLD_RVALUE_REF_BINDING_RULES
// GCC 4.4 has support for an early draft of rvalue references. The conforming version below // GCC 4.4 has support for an early draft of rvalue references. The conforming version below
// causes warnings about returning references to a temporary. // causes warnings about returning references to a temporary.
@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ struct types_when_is_ref
typedef raw_type& reference_type ; typedef raw_type& reference_type ;
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES #ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME remove_const<raw_type>::type&& rval_reference_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME remove_const<raw_type>::type&& rval_reference_type ;
typedef raw_type& reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper;
static reference_type move(reference_type r) { return r; } static reference_type move(reference_type r) { return r; }
#endif #endif
typedef raw_type* pointer_const_type ; typedef raw_type* pointer_const_type ;
@ -227,6 +229,7 @@ class optional_base : public optional_tag
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::reference_const_type reference_const_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::reference_const_type reference_const_type ;
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES #ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::rval_reference_type rval_reference_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::rval_reference_type rval_reference_type ;
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper ;
#endif #endif
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::pointer_type pointer_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::pointer_type pointer_type ;
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::pointer_const_type pointer_const_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME types::pointer_const_type pointer_const_type ;
@ -725,6 +728,7 @@ class optional : public optional_detail::optional_base<T>
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::reference_const_type reference_const_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::reference_const_type reference_const_type ;
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES #ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::rval_reference_type rval_reference_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::rval_reference_type rval_reference_type ;
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper ;
#endif #endif
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::pointer_type pointer_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::pointer_type pointer_type ;
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::pointer_const_type pointer_const_type ; typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME base::pointer_const_type pointer_const_type ;
@ -961,7 +965,7 @@ class optional : public optional_detail::optional_base<T>
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_REF_QUALIFIERS #ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_REF_QUALIFIERS
reference_const_type operator *() const& { return this->get() ; } reference_const_type operator *() const& { return this->get() ; }
reference_type operator *() & { return this->get() ; } reference_type operator *() & { return this->get() ; }
rval_reference_type operator *() && { return boost::move(this->get()) ; } reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper operator *() && { return boost::move(this->get()) ; }
#else #else
reference_const_type operator *() const { return this->get() ; } reference_const_type operator *() const { return this->get() ; }
reference_type operator *() { return this->get() ; } reference_type operator *() { return this->get() ; }
@ -984,7 +988,7 @@ class optional : public optional_detail::optional_base<T>
throw_exception(bad_optional_access("Attempted to access the value of an uninitialized optional object.")); throw_exception(bad_optional_access("Attempted to access the value of an uninitialized optional object."));
} }
rval_reference_type value() && reference_type_of_temporary_wrapper value() &&
{ {
if (this->is_initialized()) if (this->is_initialized())
return boost::move(this->get()) ; return boost::move(this->get()) ;