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<title>Smart Pointers</title>
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<h1><img src="../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="middle" width="277" height="86">Smart
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Pointers</h1>
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<p>Smart pointers are objects which store pointers to dynamically allocated (heap)
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objects. They behave much like built-in C++ pointers except that they
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automatically delete the object pointed to at the appropriate time. Smart
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pointers are particularly useful in the face of exceptions as they ensure
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proper destruction of dynamically allocated objects. They can also be used to
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keep track of dynamically allocated objects shared by multiple owners.</p>
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<p>Conceptually, smart pointers are seen as owning the object pointed to, and thus
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responsible for deletion of the object when it is no longer needed.</p>
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<p>The smart pointer library provides five smart pointer class templates:</p>
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<div align="left">
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<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4">
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<tr>
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<td><a href="scoped_ptr.htm"><b>scoped_ptr</b></a></td>
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<td><a href="../../boost/scoped_ptr.hpp"><boost/scoped_ptr.hpp></a></td>
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<td>Simple sole ownership of single objects. Noncopyable.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="scoped_array.htm"><b>scoped_array</b></a></td>
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<td><a href="../../boost/scoped_array.hpp"><boost/scoped_array.hpp></a></td>
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<td>Simple sole ownership of arrays. Noncopyable.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="shared_ptr.htm"><b>shared_ptr</b></a></td>
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<td><a href="../../boost/shared_ptr.hpp"><boost/shared_ptr.hpp></a></td>
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<td>Object ownership shared among multiple pointers</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="shared_array.htm"><b>shared_array</b></a></td>
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<td><a href="../../boost/shared_array.hpp"><boost/shared_array.hpp></a></td>
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<td>Array ownership shared among multiple pointers.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a href="weak_ptr.htm"><b>weak_ptr</b></a></td>
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<td><a href="../../boost/weak_ptr.hpp"><boost/weak_ptr.hpp></a></td>
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<td>Non-owning observers of an object owned by <b>shared_ptr</b>.</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>These templates are designed to complement the <b>std::auto_ptr</b> template.</p>
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<p>They are examples of the "resource acquisition is initialization" idiom
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described in Bjarne Stroustrup's "The C++ Programming Language", 3rd edition,
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Section 14.4, Resource Management.</p>
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<p>A test program, <a href="smart_ptr_test.cpp">smart_ptr_test.cpp</a>, is provided
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to verify correct operation.</p>
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<p>A page on <a href="compatibility.htm">compatibility</a> with older versions of
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the Boost smart pointer library describes some of the changes since earlier
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versions of the smart pointer implementation.</p>
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<p>A page on <a href="smarttests.htm">smart pointer timings</a> will be of interest
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to those curious about performance issues.</p>
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<h2><a name="Common requirements">Common Requirements</a></h2>
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<p>These smart pointer class templates have a template parameter, <b>T</b>, which
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specifies the type of the object pointed to by the smart pointer. The behavior
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of the smart pointer templates is undefined if the destructor or <b>operator delete</b>
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for objects of type <b>T</b> throw exceptions.</p>
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<p><b>T</b> may be an incomplete type at the point of smart pointer declaration.
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Unless otherwise specified, it is required that <b>T</b> be a complete type at
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points of smart pointer instantiation. Implementations are required to diagnose
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(treat as an error) all violations of this requirement, including deletion of
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an incomplete type. See the description of the <a href="../utility/utility.htm#checked_delete">
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<b>checked_delete</b></a> function template.</p>
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<P>Note that <STRONG>shared_ptr</STRONG> does not have this restriction, as most of
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its member functions do not require <STRONG>T</STRONG> to be a complete type.</P>
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<h3>Rationale</h3>
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<p>The requirements on <b>T</b> are carefully crafted to maximize safety yet allow
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handle-body (also called pimpl) and similar idioms. In these idioms a smart
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pointer may appear in translation units where <b>T</b> is an incomplete type.
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This separates interface from implementation and hides implementation from
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translation units which merely use the interface. Examples described in the
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documentation for specific smart pointers illustrate use of smart pointers in
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these idioms.</p>
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<p>Note that <b>scoped_ptr</b> requires that <b>T</b> be a complete type at
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destruction time, but <b>shared_ptr</b> does not.</p>
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<h2>Exception Safety</h2>
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<p>Several functions in these smart pointer classes are specified as having "no
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effect" or "no effect except such-and-such" if an exception is thrown. This
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means that when an exception is thrown by an object of one of these classes,
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the entire program state remains the same as it was prior to the function call
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which resulted in the exception being thrown. This amounts to a guarantee that
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there are no detectable side effects. Other functions never throw exceptions.
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The only exception ever thrown by functions which do throw (assuming <b>T</b> meets
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the <a href="#Common requirements">common requirements</a>) is <b>std::bad_alloc</b>,
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and that is thrown only by functions which are explicitly documented as
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possibly throwing <b>std::bad_alloc</b>.</p>
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<h2>Exception-specifications</h2>
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<p>Exception-specifications are not used; see <a href="../../more/lib_guide.htm#Exception-specification">
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exception-specification rationale</a>.</p>
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<p>All the smart pointer templates contain member functions which can never throw
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exceptions, because they neither throw exceptions themselves nor call other
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functions which may throw exceptions. These members are indicated by a comment: <code>
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// never throws</code>.
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</p>
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<p>Functions which destroy objects of the pointed to type are prohibited from
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throwing exceptions by the <a href="#Common requirements">common requirements</a>.</p>
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<h2>History and Acknowledgements</h2>
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<p>January 2002. Peter Dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing
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bugs, and splitting them into four separate headers, and added <b>weak_ptr</b>.
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See the <a href="compatibility.htm">compatibility</a> page for a summary of the
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changes.</p>
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<p>May 2001. Vladimir Prus suggested requiring a complete type on destruction.
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Refinement evolved in discussions including Dave Abrahams, Greg Colvin, Beman
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Dawes, Rainer Deyke, Peter Dimov, John Maddock, Vladimir Prus, Shankar Sai, and
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others.</p>
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<p>November 1999. Darin Adler provided <b>operator ==</b>, <b>operator !=</b>, and <b>std::swap</b>
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and <b>std::less</b> specializations for shared types.</p>
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<p>September 1999. Luis Coelho provided <b>shared_ptr::swap</b> and <b>shared_array::swap</b></p>
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<p>May 1999. In April and May, 1999, Valentin Bonnard and David Abrahams made a
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number of suggestions resulting in numerous improvements.</p>
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<p>October 1998. In 1994 Greg Colvin proposed to the C++ Standards Committee
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classes named <b>auto_ptr</b> and <b>counted_ptr</b> which were very similar to
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what we now call <b>scoped_ptr</b> and <b>shared_ptr</b>. The committee
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document was 94-168/N0555, Exception Safe Smart Pointers. In one of the very
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few cases where the Library Working Group's recommendations were not followed
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by the full committee, <b>counted_ptr</b> was rejected and surprising
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transfer-of-ownership semantics were added to <b>auto_ptr</b>.</p>
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<p>Beman Dawes proposed reviving the original semantics under the names <b>safe_ptr</b>
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and <b>counted_ptr</b> at an October, 1998, meeting of Per Andersson, Matt
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Austern, Greg Colvin, Sean Corfield, Pete Becker, Nico Josuttis, Dietmar K<>hl,
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Nathan Myers, Chichiang Wan and Judy Ward. During the discussion, the four
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class names were finalized, it was decided that there was no need to exactly
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follow the <b>std::auto_ptr</b> interface, and various function signatures and
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semantics were finalized.</p>
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<p>Over the next three months, several implementations were considered for <b>shared_ptr</b>,
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and discussed on the <a href="http://www.boost.org">boost.org</a> mailing list.
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The implementation questions revolved around the reference count which must be
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kept, either attached to the pointed to object, or detached elsewhere. Each of
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those variants have themselves two major variants:
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<ul>
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<li>
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Direct detached: the shared_ptr contains a pointer to the object, and a pointer
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to the count.
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<li>
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Indirect detached: the shared_ptr contains a pointer to a helper object, which
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in turn contains a pointer to the object and the count.
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<li>
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Embedded attached: the count is a member of the object pointed to.
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<li>
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Placement attached: the count is attached via operator new manipulations.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Each implementation technique has advantages and disadvantages. We went so far
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as to run various timings of the direct and indirect approaches, and found that
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at least on Intel Pentium chips there was very little measurable difference.
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Kevlin Henney provided a paper he wrote on "Counted Body Techniques." Dietmar
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K<>hl suggested an elegant partial template specialization technique to allow
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users to choose which implementation they preferred, and that was also
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experimented with.</p>
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<p>But Greg Colvin and Jerry Schwarz argued that "parameterization will discourage
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users", and in the end we choose to supply only the direct implementation.</p>
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<hr>
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<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan
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-->
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4 February 2002<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="40737"
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--></p>
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<p>Copyright 1999 Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes. Copyright 2002 Darin Adler.
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Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted
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provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document is provided
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"as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its
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suitability for any purpose.</p>
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