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 <html>
 <title>Design decisions rationale for Boost Tuple Library</title>
 <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
 <IMG SRC="../../../boost.png" 
     ALT="C++ Boost" width="277" height="86">
 <h1>Tuple Library : design decisions rationale</h1>
 <h2>About namespaces</h2>
 <p>
 There was a discussion about whether tuples should be in a separate namespace or directly in the <code>boost</code> namespace.
 The common principle is that domain libraries (like <i>graph</i>, <i>python</i>) should be on a separate
 subnamespace, while utility like libraries directly in the <code>boost</code> namespace.
 Tuples are somewhere in between, as the tuple template is clearly a general utility, but the library introduces quite a lot of names in addition to just the tuple template. 
 Tuples were originally under a subnamespace.
 As a result of the discussion, tuple definitions were moved directly under the <code>boost</code> namespace.
 As a result of a continued discussion, the subnamespace was reintroduced.
 The final (I truly hope so) solution is now to have all definitions in namespace <code>::boost::tuples</code>, and the most common names in the <code>::boost</code> namespace as well. 
 This is accomplished with using declarations (suggested by Dave Abrahams):
 <code><pre>namespace boost {
  namespace tuples {
      ...      
    // All library code
      ...
  }
  using tuples::tuple; 
  using tuples::make_tuple;
  using tuples::tie;
  using tuples::get;
 }
 </pre></code>
 With this arrangement, tuple creation with direct constructor calls, <code>make_tuple</code> or <code>tie</code> functions do not need the namespace qualifier.
 Further, all functions that manipulate tuples are found with Koenig-lookup.
 The only exceptions are the <code>get&lt;N&gt;</code> functions, which are always called with an explicitly qualified template argument, and thus Koenig-lookup does not apply.
 Therefore, get is lifted to <code>::boost</code> namespace with a using declaration.
 Hence, the interface for an application programmer is in practice under the namespace <code>::boost</code>.
 </p>
 <p>
 The other names, forming an interface for library writers (cons lists, metafunctions manipulating cons lists, ...) remain in the subnamespace <code>::boost::tuples</code>.
 Note, that the names <code>ignore</code>, <code>set_open</code>, <code>set_close</code> and <code>set_delimiter</code> are considered to be part of the application programmer's interface, but are still not under <code>boost</code> namespace. 
 The reason being the danger for name clashes for these common names.
 Further, the usage of these features is probably not very frequent.
 </p>
 <h4>For those who are really interested in namespaces</h4>
 <p>
 The subnamespace name <i>tuples</i> raised some discussion.
 The rationale for not using the most natural name 'tuple' is to avoid having an identical name with the tuple template. 
 Namespace names are, however, not generally in plural form in boost libraries. 
 First, no real trouble was reported for using the same name for a namespace and a class and we considered changing the name 'tuples' to 'tuple'.
 But we found some trouble after all.
 Both gcc and edg compilers reject using declarations where the namespace and class names are identical:
 <code><pre>namespace boost {
  namespace tuple {
    ... tie(...);
    class tuple; 
 &nbsp;     ...
  }
  using tuple::tie; // ok
  using tuple::tuple; // error
    ...
 }
 </pre></code>
 Note, however, that a corresponding using declaration in the global namespace seems to be ok: 
 <code><pre>
 using boost::tuple::tuple; // ok;
 </pre></code>
 <h2>The end mark of the cons list (nil, null_type, ...)</h2>
 <p>
 Tuples are internally represented as <code>cons</code> lists:
 <code><pre>tuple&lt;int, int&gt;
 </pre></code> 
 inherits from 
 <code><pre>cons&lt;int, cons&lt;int, null_type&gt; &gt;
 </code></pre>
 <code>null_type</code> is the end mark of the list. Original proposition was <code>nil</code>, but the name is used in MacOS, and might have caused problems, so <code>null_type</code> was chosen instead.
 Other names considered were <i>null_t</i> and <i>unit</i> (the empty tuple type in SML).
 <p>
 Note that <code>null_type</code> is the internal representation of an empty tuple: <code>tuple&lt;&gt;</code> inherits from <code>null_type</code>.
 </p>
 <h2>Element indexing</h2>
 <p>
 Whether to use 0- or 1-based indexing was discussed more than thoroughly, and the following observations were made:
 <ul>
 <li> 0-based indexing is 'the C++ way' and used with arrays etc.</li>
 <li> 1-based 'name like' indexing exists as well, eg. <code>bind1st</code>, <code>bind2nd</code>, <code>pair::first</code>, etc.</li>
 </ul>
 Tuple access with the syntax <code>get&lt;N&gt;(a)</code>, or <code>a.get&lt;N&gt;()</code> (where <code>a</code> is a tuple and <code>N</code> an index), was considered to be of the first category, hence, the index of the first element in a tuple is 0.
 <p>
 A suggestion to provide 1-based 'name like' indexing with constants like <code>_1st</code>, <code>_2nd</code>, <code>_3rd</code>, ... was made.
 By suitably chosen constant types, this would allow alternative syntaxes:
 <code><pre>a.get&lt;0&gt;() == a.get(_1st) == a[_1st] == a(_1st);
 </pre></code>
 We chose not to provide more than one indexing method for the following reasons:
 <ul>
 <li>0-based indexing might not please everyone, but once its fixed, it is less confusing than having two different methods (would anyone want such constants for arrays?).</li>
 <li>Adding the other indexing scheme doesn't really provide anything new (like a new feature) to the user of the library.</li>
 <li>C++ variable and constant naming rules don't give many possibilities for defining short and nice index constants (like <code>_1st</code>, ...). 
 Let the binding and lambda libraries use these for a better purpose.</li>
 <li>The access syntax <code>a[_1st]</code> (or <code>a(_1st)</code>) is appealing, and almost made us add the index constants after all. However, 0-based subscripting is so deep in C++, that we had a fear for confusion.</li>
 <li>
 Such constants are easy to add.
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h2>Tuple comparison</h2>
 The comparison operator implements lexicographical order. 
 Other orderings were considered, mainly dominance (<i>a &lt; b iff for each i a(i) < b(i)</i>). 
 Our belief is, that lexicographical ordering, though not mathematically the most natural one, is the most frequently needed ordering in everyday programming.
 <h2>Streaming</h2>
 <p>
 The characters specified with tuple stream manipulators are stored within the space allocated by <code>ios_base::xalloc</code>, which allocates storage for <code>long</code> type objects.
 <code>static_cast</code> is used in casting between <code>long</code> and the stream's character type. 
 Streams that have character types not convertible back and forth to long thus fail to compile.
 This may be revisited at some point. The two possible solutions are:
 <ul>
 <li>Allow only plain <code>char</code> types as the tuple delimiters and use <code>widen</code> and <code>narrow</code> to convert between the real character type of the stream. 
 This would always compile, but some calls to set manipulators might result in a different
  character than expected (some default character).</li>
 <li>Allocate enough space to hold the real character type of the stream. 
 This means memory for holding the delimiter characters must be allocated separately, and that pointers to this memory are stored in the space allocated with <code>ios_base::xalloc</code>.
 Any volunteers?</li>
 </ul>
 <A href="tuple_users_guide.html">Back to the user's guide</A>
 <hr><p>&copy; Copyright Jaakko J&auml;rvi 2001. 
 </body>
 </html>
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 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
 <html>
  <head>
    <title>Tuple library advanced features</title>
 <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
 <IMG SRC="../../../boost.png" 
     ALT="C++ Boost" width="277" height="86">
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Tuple library advanced features</h1>
 The advanced features described in this document are all under namespace <code>::boost::tuples</code>
 <h2>Metafunctions for tuple types</h2>
 <p>
 Suppose <code>T</code> is a tuple type, and <code>N</code> is a constant integral expression. 
 <code><pre>element&lt;N, T&gt;::type</pre></code>
 gives the type of the <code>N</code>th element in the tuple type <code>T</code>. If <code>T</code> is const, the resulting type is const qualified as well. 
 Note that the constness of <code>T</code> does not affect reference type
 elements.
 </p>
 <code><pre>length&lt;T&gt;::value</pre></code>
 gives the length of the tuple type <code>T</code>.
 </p>
 <h2>Cons lists</h2>
 <p>
 Tuples are internally represented as <i>cons lists</i>.
 For example, the tuple 
 <code><pre>tuple&lt;A, B, C, D&gt;</pre></code>
 inherits from the type
 <code><pre>cons&lt;A, cons&lt;B, cons&lt;C, cons&lt;D, null_type&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt;
 </pre></code>
 The tuple template provides the typedef <code>inherited</code> to access the cons list representation. E.g.:
 <code>tuple&lt;A&gt;::inherited</code> is the type <code>cons&lt;A, null_type&gt;</code>.
 </p>
 <h4>Empty tuple</h4>
 <p>
 The internal representation of the empty tuple <code>tuple&lt;&gt</code> is <code>null_type</code>.
 </p>
 <h4>Head and tail</h4>
 <p>
 Both tuple template and the cons templates provide the typedefs <code>head_type</code> and <code>tail_type</code>.
 The <code>head_type</code> typedef gives the type of the first element of the tuple (or the cons list).
 The 
 <code>tail_type</code> typedef gives the remaining cons list after removing the first element.
 The head element is stored in the member variable <code>head</code> and the tail list in the member variable <code>tail</code>.
 Cons lists provide the member function <code>get_head()</code> for getting a reference to the head of a cons list, and <code>get_tail()</code> for getting a reference to the tail.
 There are const and non-const versions of both functions.
 </p>
 <p>
 Note that in a one element tuple, <code>tail_type</code> equals <code>null_type</code> and the <code>get_tail()</code> function returns an object of type <code>null_type</code>.
 </p>
 <p>
 The empty tuple (<code>null_type</code>) has no head or tail, hence the <code>get_head</code> and <code>get_tail</code> functions are not provided.
 </p>
 <p>
 Treating tuples as cons lists gives a convenient means to define generic functions to manipulate tuples. For example, the following pair of function templates assign 0 to each element of a tuple (obviously, the assignments must be valid operations for the element types):
 <pre><code>inline void set_to_zero(const null_type&amp;) {};
 template &lt;class H, class T&gt;
 inline void set_to_zero(cons&lt;H, T&gt;&amp; x) { x.get_head() = 0; set_to_zero(x.get_tail()); }
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 <h4>Constructing cons lists</h4>
 <p>
 A cons list can be default constructed provided that all its elements can be default constructed.
 </p>
 <p>
 A cons list can be constructed from its head and tail. The prototype of the constructor is:
 <pre><code>cons(typename access_traits&lt;head_type&gt;::parameter_type h,
     const tail_type&amp; t)
 </code></pre>
 The traits template for the head parameter selects correct parameter types for different kinds of element types (for reference elements the parameter type equals the element type, for non-reference types the parameter type is a reference to const non-volatile element type).
 </p>
 <p>
 For a one-element cons list the tail argument (<code>null_type</code>) can be omitted.
 </p>
 <h2>Traits classes for tuple element types</h2>
 <h4><code>access_traits</code></h4>
 <p>
 The template <code>access_traits</code> defines three type functions. Let <code>T</code> be a type of an element in a tuple:
 <ol>
 <li><code>access_traits&lt;T&gt;::type</code> maps <code>T</code> to the return type of the non-const access functions (nonmeber and member <code>get</code> functions, and the <code>get_head</code> function).</li>
 <li><code>access_traits&lt;T&gt;::const_type</code> maps <code>T</code> to the return type of the const access functions.</li>
 <li><code>access_traits&lt;T&gt;::parameter_type</code> maps <code>T</code> to the parameter type of the tuple constructor.</li>
 </ol>
 <h4><code>make_tuple_traits</code></h4>
 The element types of the tuples that are created with the <code>make_tuple</code> functions are computed with the type function <code>make_tuple_traits</code>. 
 The type function call <code>make_tuple_traits&lt;T&gt;::type</code> implements the following type mapping:
 <ul>
 <li><i>any reference type</i> -&gt; <i>compile time error</i>
 </li>
 <li><i>any array type</i> -&gt; <i>constant reference to the array type</i>
 </li>
 <li><code>reference_wrapper&lt;T&gt;</code> -&gt; <code>T&amp;</code>
 </li>
 <li><code>T</code> -&gt; <code>T</code>
 </li>
 </ul>
 Objects of type <code>reference_wrapper</code> are created with the <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code> functions (see <A href="tuple_users_guide.html#make_tuple">The <code>make_tuple</code> function</A>.)
 </p>
 <p>Reference wrappers were originally part of the tuple library, but they are now a general utility of boost. 
 The <code>reference_wrapper</code> template and the <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code> functions are defined in a separate file <code>ref.hpp</code> in the main boost include directory; and directly in the <code>boost</code> namespace.
 </p>
 <A href="tuple_users_guide.html">Back to the user's guide</A>
 <hr>
 <p>&copy; Copyright Jaakko J&auml;rvi 2001.</p>
  </body>
 </html>
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@ -1,529 +0,0 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>The Boost Tuple Library</title>
 </head>
 <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
 <IMG SRC="../../../boost.png" 
     ALT="C++ Boost" width="277" height="86">
 <h1>The Boost Tuple Library</h1>
 <p>
 A tuple (or <i>n</i>-tuple) is a fixed size collection of elements. 
 Pairs, triples, quadruples etc. are tuples. 
 In a programming language, a tuple is a data object containing other objects as elements. 
 These element objects may be of different types.
 </p>
 <p>Tuples are convenient in many circumstances. 
 For instance, tuples make it easy to define functions that return more than one value.
 </p>
 <p>
 Some programming languages, such as ML, Python and Haskell, have built-in tuple constructs. 
 Unfortunately C++ does not.
 To compensate for this &quot;deficiency&quot;, the Boost Tuple Library implements a tuple construct using templates.
 </p>
 <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
 <ol>
 <li><a href = "#using_library">Using the library</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#tuple_types">Tuple types</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#constructing_tuples">Constructing tuples</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#accessing_elements">Accessing tuple elements</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#construction_and_assignment">Copy construction and tuple assignment</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#relational_operators">Relational operators</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#tiers">Tiers</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#streaming">Streaming</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#performance">Performance</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#portability">Portability</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#thanks">Acknowledgements</a></li>
 <li><a href = "#references">References</a></li>
 </ol>
 <h4>More details</h4>
 <p>
 <a href = "tuple_advanced_interface.html">Advanced features</a> (describes some metafunctions etc.).</p>
 <p>
 <a href = "design_decisions_rationale.html">Rationale behind some design/implementation decisions.</a></p>
 <h2><a name="using_library">Using the library</a></h2>
 <p>To use the library, just include:
 <pre><code>#include &quot;boost/tuple/tuple.hpp&quot;</code></pre>
 <p>Comparison operators can be included with:
 <pre><code>#include &quot;boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp&quot;</code></pre>
 <p>To use tuple input and output operators,
 <pre><code>#include &quot;boost/tuple/tuple_io.hpp&quot;</code></pre>
 Both <code>tuple_io.hpp</code> and <code>tuple_comparison.hpp</code> include <code>tuple.hpp</code>.
 <p>All definitions are in namespace <code>::boost::tuples</code>, but the most common names are lifted to namespace <code>::boost</code> with using declarations. These names are: <code>tuple</code>, <code>make_tuple</code>, <code>tie</code> and <code>get</code>. Further, <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code> are defined directly under the <code>::boost</code> namespace.
 <h2><a name = "tuple_types">Tuple types</a></h2>
 <p>A tuple type is an instantiation of the <code>tuple</code> template. 
 The template parameters specify the types of the tuple elements.
 The current version supports tuples with 0-10 elements. 
 If necessary, the upper limit can be increased up to, say, a few dozen elements.
 The data element can be any C++ type.
 Note that <code>void</code> and plain function types are valid 
 C++ types, but objects of such types cannot exist. 
 Hence, if a tuple type contains such types as elements, the tuple type
 can exist, but not an object of that type.
 There are natural limitations for element types that cannot
 be be copied, or that are not default constructible (see 'Constructing tuples'
 below). 
 <p>
 For example, the following definitions are valid tuple instantiations (<code>A</code>, <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> are some user defined classes):
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;int&gt;
 tuple&lt;double&amp;, const double&amp;, const double, double*, const double*&gt;
 tuple&lt;A, int(*)(char, int), B(A::*)(C&amp;), C&gt;
 tuple&lt;std::string, std::pair&lt;A, B&gt; &gt;
 tuple&lt;A*, tuple&lt;const A*, const B&amp;, C&gt;, bool, void*&gt;
 </code></pre>
 <h2><a name = "constructing_tuples">Constructing tuples</a></h2>
 <p>
 The tuple constructor takes the tuple elements as arguments. 
 For an <i>n</i>-element tuple, the constructor can be invoked with <i>k</i> arguments, where 0 &lt;= <i>k</i> &lt;= <i>n</i>.
 For example:
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;int, double&gt;() 
 tuple&lt;int, double&gt;(1) 
 tuple&lt;int, double&gt;(1, 3.14)
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 If no initial value for an element is provided, it is default initialized (and hence must be default initializable).
 For example.
 <pre><code>class X {
  X(); 
 public:
  X(std::string);
 };
 tuple&lt;X,X,X&gt;()                                              // error: no default constructor for X
 tuple&lt;X,X,X&gt;(string(&quot;Jaba&quot;), string(&quot;Daba&quot;), string(&quot;Duu&quot;)) // ok
 </code></pre>
 In particular, reference types do not have a default initialization: 
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;double&amp;&gt;()                // error: reference must be 
                                // initialized explicitly
 double d = 5; 
 tuple&lt;double&amp;&gt;(d)               // ok
 tuple&lt;double&amp;&gt;(d+3.14)          // error: cannot initialize 
                                // non-const reference with a temporary
 tuple&lt;const double&amp;&gt;(d+3.14)    // ok, but dangerous: 
                                // the element becomes a dangling reference 
 </code></pre>
 <p>Using an initial value for an element that cannot be copied, is a compile
 time error:
 <pre><code>class Y { 
  Y(const Y&amp;); 
 public:
  Y();
 };
 char a[10];
 tuple&lt;char[10], Y&gt;(a, Y()); // error, neither arrays nor Y can be copied
 tuple&lt;char[10], Y&gt;();       // ok
 </code></pre>
 Note particularly that the following is perfectly ok:
 <code><pre>Y y;
 tuple&lt;char(&amp;)[10], Y&amp;&gt;(a, y); 
 </code></pre>
 It is possible to come up with a tuple type that cannot be constructed.
 This occurs if an element that cannot be initialized has a lower
 index than an element that requires initialization. 
 For example: <code>tuple&lt;char[10], int&amp;&gt;</code>.
 <p>In sum, the tuple construction is semantically just a group of individual elementary constructions.
 </p>
 <h4><a name="make_tuple">The <code>make_tuple</code> function</a></h4>
 <p>
 Tuples can also be constructed using the <code>make_tuple</code> (cf. <code>std::make_pair</code>) helper functions.
 This makes the construction more convenient, saving the programmer from explicitly specifying the element types: 
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;int, int, double&gt; add_multiply_divide(int a, int b) {
  return make_tuple(a+b, a*b, double(a)/double(b));
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 By default, the element types are deduced to the plain non-reference types. E.g: 
 <pre><code>void foo(const A&amp; a, B&amp; b) { 
  ...
  make_tuple(a, b);
 </code></pre>
 The <code>make_tuple</code> invocation results in a tuple of type <code>tuple&lt;A, B&gt;</code>.
 <p>
 Sometimes the plain non-reference type is not desired, e.g. if the element type cannot be copied. 
 Therefore, the programmer can control the type deduction and state that a reference to const or reference to
 non-const type should be used as the element type instead.
 This is accomplished with two helper template functions: <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code>. 
 Any argument can be wrapped with these functions to get the desired type. 
 The mechanism does not compromise const correctness since a const object wrapped with <code>ref</code> results in a tuple element with const reference type (see the fifth code line below).
 For example:
 <pre><code>A a; B b; const A ca = a;
 make_tuple(cref(a), b);      // creates tuple&lt;const A&amp;, B&gt;
 make_tuple(ref(a), b);       // creates tuple&lt;A&amp;, B&gt;
 make_tuple(ref(a), cref(b)); // creates tuple&lt;A&amp;, const B&amp;&gt;
 make_tuple(cref(ca));        // creates tuple&lt;const A&amp;&gt;
 make_tuple(ref(ca));         // creates tuple&lt;const A&amp;&gt;
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 Array arguments to <code>make_tuple</code> functions are deduced to reference to const types by default; there is no need to wrap them with <code>cref</code>. For example:
 <pre><code>make_tuple(&quot;Donald&quot;, &quot;Daisy&quot;);
 </code></pre>
 This creates an object of type <code>tuple&lt;const char (&amp;)[7], const char (&amp;)[6]&gt;</code> 
 (note that the type of a string literal is an array of const characters, not <code>const char*</code>). 
 However, to get <code>make_tuple</code> to create a tuple with an element of a
 non-const array type one must use the <code>ref</code> wrapper.
 <p>
 Function pointers are deduced to the plain non-reference type, that is, to plain function pointer. 
 A tuple can also hold a reference to a function, 
 but such a tuple cannot be constructed with <code>make_tuple</code> (a const qualified function type would result, which is illegal):
 <pre><code>void f(int i);
  ...
 make_tuple(&amp;f); // tuple&lt;void (*)(int)&gt;
  ...
 tuple&lt;tuple&lt;void (&amp;)(int)&gt; &gt; a(f) // ok
 make_tuple(f);                    // not ok
 </code></pre>
 <h2><a name = "accessing_elements">Accessing tuple elements</a></h2>
 <p>
 Tuple elements are accessed with the expression:
 <pre><code>t.get&lt;N&gt;()
 </code></pre>
 or
 <pre><code>get&lt;N&gt;(t)
 </code></pre>
 where <code>t</code> is a tuple object and <code>N</code> is a constant integral expression specifying the index of the element to be accessed.
 Depending on whether <code>t</code> is const or not, <code>get</code> returns the <code>N</code>th element as a reference to const or
 non-const type.
 The index of the first element is 0 and thus<code>
 N</code> must be between 0 and <code>k-1</code>, where <code>k</code> is the number of elements in the tuple. 
 Violations of  these constrains are detected at compile time. Examples:
 <pre><code>double d = 2.7; A a;
 tuple&lt;int, double&amp;, const A&amp;&gt; t(1, d, a);
 const tuple&lt;int, double&amp;, const A&amp;&gt; ct = t;
  ...
 int i = get&lt;0&gt;(t); i = t.get&lt;0&gt;();        // ok
 int j = get&lt;0&gt;(ct);                       // ok
 get&lt;0&gt;(t) = 5;                            // ok 
 get&lt;0&gt;(ct) = 5;                           // error, can't assign to const 
  ...
 double e = get&lt;1&gt;(t); // ok   
 get&lt;1&gt;(t) = 3.14;     // ok 
 get&lt;2&gt;(t) = A();      // error, can't assign to const 
 A aa = get&lt;3&gt;(t);     // error: index out of bounds 
  ...
 ++get&lt;0&gt;(t);  // ok, can be used as any variable
 </code></pre>
 Note! The member get functions are not supported with MS Visual C++ compiler.
 Further, the compiler has trouble with finding the non-member get functions without an explicit namespace qualifier. 
 Hence, all <code>get</code> calls should be qualified as: <code>tuples::get&lt;N&gt;(a_tuple)</code> when writing code that shoud compile with MSVC++ 6.0.
 <h2><a name = "construction_and_assignment">Copy construction and tuple assignment</a></h2>
 <p>
 A tuple can be copy constructed from another tuple, provided that the element types are element-wise copy constructible.
 Analogously, a tuple can be assigned to another tuple, provided that the element types are element-wise assignable.
 For example:
 <pre><code>class A {};
 class B : public A {};
 struct C { C(); C(const B&amp;); };
 struct D { operator C() const; };
 tuple&lt;char, B*, B, D&gt; t;
  ...
 tuple&lt;int, A*, C, C&gt; a(t); // ok 
 a = t;                     // ok 
 </code></pre>
 In both cases, the conversions performed are: <code>char -> int</code>, <code>B* -> A*</code> (derived class pointer to base class pointer),  <code>B -> C</code> (a user defined conversion) and <code>D -> C</code> (a user defined conversion).
 <p>
 Note that assignment is also defined from <code>std::pair</code> types:
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;float, int&gt; a = std::make_pair(1, 'a');
 </code></pre>
 <h2><a name = "relational_operators">Relational operators</a></h2>
 <p>
 Tuples reduce the operators <code>==, !=, &lt;, >, &lt;=</code> and <code>>=</code> to the corresponding elementary operators. 
 This means, that if any of these operators is defined between all elements of two tuples, then the same operator is defined between the tuples as well.
 The equality operators for two tuples <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are defined as:
 <ul>
 <li><code>a == b</code> iff for each <code>i</code>: <code>a<sub>i</sub> == b<sub>i</sub></code></li>
 <li><code>a != b</code> iff exists <code>i</code>: <code>a<sub>i</sub> != b<sub>i</sub></code></li>
 </ul>
 The operators <code>&lt;, >, &lt;=</code> and <code>>=</code> implement a lexicographical ordering.
 <p>
 Note that an attempt to compare two tuples of different lengths results in a compile time error.</p>
 Also, the comparison operators are <i>"short-circuited"</i>: elementary comparisons start from the first elements and are performed only until the result is clear.
 <p>Examples:
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;std::string, int, A&gt; t1(std::string(&quot;same?&quot;), 2, A());
 tuple&lt;std::string, long, A&gt; t2(std::string(&quot;same?&quot;), 2, A());
 tuple&lt;std::string, long, A&gt; t3(std::string(&quot;different&quot;), 3, A());
 bool operator==(A, A) { std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;All the same to me...&quot;; return true; }
 t1 == t2; 		// true
 t1 == t3;               // false, does not print &quot;All the...&quot;
 </code></pre>
 <h2><a name = "tiers">Tiers</a></h2>
 <p>
 <i>Tiers</i> are tuples, where all elements are of non-const reference types.
 They are constructed with a call to the <code>tie</code> function template (cf. <code>make_tuple</code>):
 <pre><code>int i; char c; double d; 
  ...
 tie(i, c, a);
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 The above <code>tie</code> function creates a tuple of type <code>tuple&lt;int&amp;, char&amp;, double&amp;&gt;</code>. 
 The same result could be achieved with the call <code>make_tuple(ref(i), ref(c), ref(a))</code>.
 </p>
 <p>
 A tuple that contains non-const references as elements can be used to 'unpack' another tuple into variables. E.g.:
 <pre><code>int i; char c; double d; 
 tie(i, c, d) = make_tuple(1,'a', 5.5);
 std::cout &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; &quot; &quot; &lt;&lt;  c &lt;&lt; &quot; &quot; &lt;&lt; d;
 </code></pre>
 This code prints <code>1 a 5.5</code> to the standard output stream.
 A tuple unpacking operation like this is found for example in ML and Python. 
 It is convenient when calling functions which return tuples.
 <p>
 The tying mechanism works with <code>std::pair</code> templates as well:
 <pre><code>int i; char c;
 tie(i, c) = std::make_pair(1, 'a');
 </code></pre>
 <h4>Ignore</h4>
 There is also an object called <code>ignore</code> which allows you to ignore an element assigned by a tuple.
 The idea is that a function may return a tuple, only part of which you are interested in. For example (note, that <code>ignore</code> is under the <code>tuples</code> subnamespace):
 <pre><code>char c;
 tie(tuples::ignore, c) = std::make_pair(1, 'a');
 </code></pre>
 <h2><a name = "streaming">Streaming</a></h2>
 <p>
 The global <code>operator&lt;&lt;</code> has been overloaded for <code>std::ostream</code> such that tuples are 
 output by recursively calling <code>operator&lt;&lt;</code> for each element. 
 </p>
 <p>
 Analogously, the global <code>operator&gt;&gt;</code> has been overloaded to extract tuples from <code>std::istream</code>  by recursively calling <code>operator&gt;&gt;</code> for each element. 
 </p>
 <p>
 The default delimiter between the elements is space, and the tuple is enclosed
 in parenthesis.
 For Example:
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;float, int, std::string&gt; a(1.0f,  2, std::string(&quot;Howdy folks!&quot;);
 cout &lt;&lt; a; 
 </code></pre>
 outputs the tuple as: <code>(1.0 2 Howdy folks!)</code>
 <p>
 The library defines three <i>manipulators</i> for changing the default behavior:
 <ul>
 <li><code>set_open(char)</code> defines the character that is output before the first
 element.</li>
 <li><code>set_close(char)</code> defines the character that is output after the
 last element.</li>
 <li><code>set_delimiter(char)</code> defines the delimiter character between
 elements.</li>
 </ul>
 Note, that these manipulators are defined in the <code>tuples</code> subnamespace. 
 For example:
 <code><pre>cout &lt;&lt; tuples::set_open('[') &lt;&lt; tuples::set_close(']') &lt;&lt; tuples::set_delimiter(',') &lt;&lt; a; 
 </code></pre>
 outputs the same tuple <code>a</code> as: <code>[1.0,2,Howdy folks!]</code>
 <p>The same manipulators work with <code>operator&gt;&gt;</code> and <code>istream</code> as well. Suppose the <code>cin</code> stream contains the following data:
 <pre><code>(1 2 3) [4:5]</code></pre>
 The code:
 <code><pre>tuple&lt;int, int, int&gt; i;
 tuple&lt;int, int&gt; j;
 cin &gt;&gt; i;
 cin &gt;&gt; tuples::set_open('[') &gt;&gt; tuples::set_close(']') &gt;&gt; tules::set_delimiter(':');
 cin &gt;&gt; j;
 </code></pre>
 reads the data into the tuples <code>i</code> and <code>j</code>.
 <p>
 Note that extracting tuples with <code>std::string</code> or C-style string
 elements does not generally work, since the streamed tuple representation may not be unambiguously
 parseable.
 </p>
 <h2><a name = "performance">Performance</a></h2>
 All tuple access and construction functions are small inlined one-liners. 
 Therefore, a decent compiler can eliminate any extra cost of using tuples compared to using hand written tuple like classes. 
 Particularly, with a decent compiler there is no performance difference between this code:
 <pre><code>class hand_made_tuple { 
  A a; B b; C c;
 public:
  hand_made_tuple(const A&amp; aa, const B&amp; bb, const C&amp; cc) 
    : a(aa), b(bb), c(cc) {};
  A&amp; getA() { return a; };
  B&amp; getB() { return b; };
  C&amp; getC() { return c; };
 };
 hand_made_tuple hmt(A(), B(), C()); 
 hmt.getA(); hmt.getB(); hmt.getC();
 </code></pre>
 and this code:
 <pre><code>tuple&lt;A, B, C&gt; t(A(), B(), C());
 t.get&lt;0&gt;(); t.get&lt;1&gt;(); t.get&lt;2&gt;(); 
 </code></pre>
 <p>Note, that there are widely used compilers (e.g. bcc 5.5.1) which fail to optimize this kind of tuple usage.
 </p>  
 <p>
 Depending on the optimizing ability of the compiler, the tier mechanism may have a small performance penalty compared to using
 non-const reference parameters as a mechanism for returning multiple values from a function. 
 For example, suppose that the following functions <code>f1</code> and <code>f2</code> have equivalent functionalities:
 <pre><code>void f1(int&amp;, double&amp;);
 tuple&lt;int, double&gt; f2();
 </code></pre>
 Then, the call #1 may be slightly faster than #2 in the code below:
 <pre><code>int i; double d;
  ...
 f1(i,d);         // #1
 tie(i,d) = f2(); // #2
 </code></pre>
 See 
 [<a href="#publ_1">1</a>,
 <a href="#publ_2">2</a>]
 for more in-depth discussions about efficiency.
 <h4>Effect on Compile Time</h4>
 <p>
 Compiling tuples can be slow due to the excessive amount of template instantiations.
 Depending on the compiler and the tuple length, it may be more than 10 times slower to compile a tuple construct, compared to compiling an equivalent explicitly written class, such as the <code>hand_made_tuple</code> class above.
 However, as a realistic program is likely to contain a lot of code in addition to tuple definitions, the difference is probably unnoticeable.
 Compile time increases between 5 to 10 percentages were measured for programs which used tuples very frequently.
 With the same test programs, memory consumption of compiling increased between 22% to 27%. See  
 [<a href="#publ_1">1</a>,
 <a href="#publ_2">2</a>]
 for details.
 </p>
 <h2><a name = "portability">Portability</a></h2>
 <p>The library code is(?) standard C++ and thus the library works with a standard conforming compiler. 
 Below is a list of compilers and known problems with each compiler:
 </p>
 <table>
 <tr><td><u>Compiler</u></td><td><u>Problems</u></td></tr>
 <tr><td>gcc 2.95</td><td>-</td></tr>
 <tr><td>edg 2.44</td><td>-</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Borland 5.5</td><td>Can't use function  pointers or member pointers as tuple elements</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Metrowerks 6.2</td><td>Can't use <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code> wrappers</td></tr>
 <tr><td>MS Visual C++</td><td>No reference elements (<code>tie</code> still works). Can't use <code>ref</code> and <code>cref</code> wrappers</td></tr>
 </table>
 <h2><a name = "thanks">Acknowledgements</a></h2>
 Gary Powell has been an indispensable helping hand. In particular, stream manipulators for tuples were his idea. Doug Gregor came up with a working version for MSVC, David Abrahams found a way to get rid of most of the restrictions for compilers not supporting partial specialization. Thanks to Jeremy Siek, William Kempf and Jens Maurer for their help and suggestions. 
 The comments by Vesa Karvonen, John Max Skaller, Ed Brey, Beman Dawes, David Abrahams and Hartmut Kaiser helped to improve the
 library.
 The idea for the tie mechanism came from an old usenet article by Ian McCulloch, where he proposed something similar for std::pairs.
 <h2><a name = "references">References</a></h2>
 <p>
 <a name="publ_1"></a>[1]
 J&auml;rvi J.: <i>Tuples and multiple return values in C++</i>, TUCS Technical Report No 249, 1999<!-- (<a href="http://www.tucs.fi/Publications">http://www.tucs.fi/Publications</a>)-->.
 </p>
 <p>
 <a name="publ_2"></a>[2]
 J&auml;rvi J.: <i>ML-Style Tuple Assignment in Standard C++ - Extending the Multiple Return Value Formalism</i>, TUCS Technical Report No 267, 1999<!-- (<a href="http://www.tucs.fi/Publications">http://www.tucs.fi/Publications</a>)-->.
 </p>
 <p>
 [3] J&auml;rvi J.:<i>Tuple Types and Multiple Return Values</i>, C/C++ Users Journal, August 2001.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last modified 2003-09-07</p>
 <p>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/jaakko_jarvi.htm"> Jaakko J&auml;rvi</a> 2001. 
 Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software and its documentation is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. 
 This software and its documentation is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
 </p>
 </body>
 </html>
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=doc/tuple_users_guide.html">
 </head>
 <body>
 Automatic redirection failed, please go to <a href="doc/tuple_users_guide.html">doc/tuple_users_guide.html</a>
 </body>
 </html>
--- a/test/Jamfile
+++ b/test/Jamfile
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
 subproject libs/tuple/test ;
 unit-test tuple_test_bench
    : tuple_test_bench.cpp
      <lib>../../test/build/boost_test_exec_monitor
    : <sysinclude>$(BOOST_ROOT)
    ;
 unit-test io_test
    : io_test.cpp
      <lib>../../test/build/boost_test_exec_monitor
    : <sysinclude>$(BOOST_ROOT)
    ;
 unit-test another_tuple_test_bench
    : another_tuple_test_bench.cpp
      <lib>../../test/build/boost_test_exec_monitor
    : <sysinclude>$(BOOST_ROOT)
    ;
--- a/test/README
+++ b/test/README
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
 To compile the 
 libs/tuple/test/*.cpp 
 files, you need to set include paths
 for boost.
 For example, in libs/tuple/test directory you would type (using g++):
 g++ -I../../.. tuple_test_bench.cpp
 The following is not true anymore:
  If you want to use tuple_io, you need to compile and link src/tuple.cpp:
  g++ -I../../.. ../src/tuple.cpp io_test.cpp
 Thanks to Hartmut Kaiser's suggestion, the tuple.cpp is not needed anymore.
--- a/test/another_tuple_test_bench.cpp
+++ b/test/another_tuple_test_bench.cpp
@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
 // Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Jaakko J<>rvi (jaakko.jarvi@cs.utu.fi)
 //
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
 // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
 // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 // For more information, see http://www.boost.org
 //  another_test_bench.cpp  --------------------------------
 // This file has various tests to see that things that shouldn't
 // compile, don't compile.
 // Defining any of E1 to E5 or E7 to E11 opens some illegal code that 
 // should cause the compliation to fail.
 #define BOOST_INCLUDE_MAIN  // for testing, include rather than link
 #include <boost/test/test_tools.hpp>    // see "Header Implementation Option"
 #include "boost/tuple/tuple.hpp"
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 using namespace std;
 using namespace boost;
 using namespace boost::tuples;
 template<class T> void dummy(const T&) {}
 class A {}; class B {}; class C {};
 // A non-copyable class
 class no_copy {
  no_copy(const no_copy&) {}
 public:
  no_copy() {};
 };
 no_copy y;
 #ifdef E1
 tuple<no_copy> v1;  // should faild
 #endif
 #ifdef E2
 char cs[10];
 tuple<char[10]> v3;  // should fail, arrays must be stored as references
 #endif
 // a class without a public default constructor
 class no_def_constructor {
  no_def_constructor() {}
 public:
  no_def_constructor(std::string) {} // can be constructed with a string
 };
 void foo1() {
 #ifdef E3
  dummy(tuple<no_def_constructor, no_def_constructor, no_def_constructor>()); 
  // should fail
 #endif
 }
 void foo2() {
 // testing default values
 #ifdef E4
  dummy(tuple<double&>()); // should fail, not defaults for references
  dummy(tuple<const double&>()); // likewise
 #endif
 #ifdef E5
  double dd = 5;
  dummy(tuple<double&>(dd+3.14)); // should fail, temporary to non-const reference
 #endif
 }
 // make_tuple ------------------------------------------
   void foo3() {
 #ifdef E7
    std::make_pair("Doesn't","Work"); // fails
 #endif
    //    make_tuple("Does", "Work"); // this should work
 }
 // - testing element access
 void foo4() 
 {
  double d = 2.7; 
  A a;
  tuple<int, double&, const A&> t(1, d, a);
  const tuple<int, double&, const A> ct = t;
  (void)ct;
 #ifdef E8
  get<0>(ct) = 5; // can't assign to const
 #endif
 #ifdef E9
  get<4>(t) = A(); // can't assign to const
 #endif
 #ifdef E10
  dummy(get<5>(ct)); // illegal index
 #endif
 }
 // testing copy and assignment with implicit conversions between elements
 // testing tie
  class AA {};
  class BB : public AA {};
  struct CC { CC() {} CC(const BB& b) {} };
  struct DD { operator CC() const { return CC(); }; };
  void foo5() {
    tuple<char, BB*, BB, DD> t;
    (void)t;
    tuple<char, char> aaa;
    tuple<int, int> bbb(aaa);
    (void)bbb;
    //    tuple<int, AA*, CC, CC> a = t;
    //    a = t;
  }
 // testing tie
 // testing assignment from std::pair
 void foo7() {
   tuple<int, int, float> a;
 #ifdef E11
   a = std::make_pair(1, 2); // should fail, tuple is of length 3, not 2
 #endif
    dummy(a);
 }
 // --------------------------------
 // ----------------------------
 int test_main(int, char *[]) {
  foo1();
  foo2();
  foo3();
  foo4();
  foo5();
  foo7();
  return 0;
 }
--- a/test/io_test.cpp
+++ b/test/io_test.cpp
@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
 // Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Jaakko J<>rvi (jaakko.jarvi@cs.utu.fi)
 //
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
 // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
 // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 // For more information, see http://www.boost.org
 // -- io_test.cpp -----------------------------------------------
 //
 // Testing the I/O facilities of tuples
 #define BOOST_INCLUDE_MAIN  // for testing, include rather than link
 #include "boost/test/test_tools.hpp"    // see "Header Implementation Option"
 #include "boost/tuple/tuple_io.hpp"
 #include "boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp"
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <string>
 #if defined BOOST_NO_STRINGSTREAM
 #include <strstream>
 #else
 #include <sstream>
 #endif
 using namespace std;
 using namespace boost;
 #if defined BOOST_NO_STRINGSTREAM
 typedef ostrstream useThisOStringStream;
 typedef istrstream useThisIStringStream;
 #else
 typedef ostringstream useThisOStringStream;
 typedef istringstream useThisIStringStream;
 #endif
 int test_main(int argc, char * argv[] ) {
   (void)argc;
   (void)argv;
   using boost::tuples::set_close;
   using boost::tuples::set_open;
   using boost::tuples::set_delimiter;
  useThisOStringStream os1;
  // Set format [a, b, c] for os1
  os1 << set_open('[');
  os1 << set_close(']');
  os1 << set_delimiter(',');
  os1 << make_tuple(1, 2, 3);
  BOOST_CHECK (os1.str() == std::string("[1,2,3]") );
  {
  useThisOStringStream os2;
  // Set format (a:b:c) for os2; 
  os2 << set_open('(');
  os2 << set_close(')');
  os2 << set_delimiter(':');
 #if !defined (BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION)
  os2 << make_tuple("TUPU", "HUPU", "LUPU", 4.5);
  BOOST_CHECK (os2.str() == std::string("(TUPU:HUPU:LUPU:4.5)") );
 #endif
  }
  // The format is still [a, b, c] for os1
  os1 << make_tuple(1, 2, 3);
  BOOST_CHECK (os1.str() == std::string("[1,2,3][1,2,3]") );
  ofstream tmp("temp.tmp");
 #if !defined (BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION)
  tmp << make_tuple("One", "Two", 3);
 #endif   
  tmp << set_delimiter(':');
  tmp << make_tuple(1000, 2000, 3000) << endl;
  tmp.close();
  // When teading tuples from a stream, manipulators must be set correctly:
  ifstream tmp3("temp.tmp");
  tuple<string, string, int> j;
 #if !defined (BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION)
  tmp3 >> j; 
  BOOST_CHECK (tmp3.good() ); 
 #endif
  tmp3 >> set_delimiter(':');
  tuple<int, int, int> i;
  tmp3 >> i; 
  BOOST_CHECK (tmp3.good() ); 
  tmp3.close(); 
  // reading tuple<int, int, int> in format (a b c); 
  useThisIStringStream is("(100 200 300)"); 
  tuple<int, int, int> ti; 
  BOOST_CHECK(bool(is >> ti));
  BOOST_CHECK(ti == make_tuple(100, 200, 300));
  // Note that strings are problematic:
  // writing a tuple on a stream and reading it back doesn't work in
  // general. If this is wanted, some kind of a parseable string class
  // should be used.
  return 0;
 }
--- a/test/tuple_test_bench.cpp
+++ b/test/tuple_test_bench.cpp
@ -1,477 +0,0 @@
 // Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Jaakko J<>rvi (jaakko.jarvi@cs.utu.fi)
 //
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
 // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
 // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 // For more information, see http://www.boost.org
 //  tuple_test_bench.cpp  --------------------------------
 #define BOOST_INCLUDE_MAIN  // for testing, include rather than link
 #include <boost/test/test_tools.hpp>    // see "Header Implementation Option"
 #include "boost/tuple/tuple.hpp"
 #include "boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp"
 #include "boost/type_traits/is_const.hpp"
 #include "boost/ref.hpp"
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 using namespace std;
 using namespace boost;
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // helpers 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class A {}; 
 class B {}; 
 class C {};
 // classes with different kinds of conversions
 class AA {};
 class BB : public AA {}; 
 struct CC { CC() {} CC(const BB&) {} };
 struct DD { operator CC() const { return CC(); }; };
 // something to prevent warnings for unused variables
 template<class T> void dummy(const T&) {}
 // no public default constructor
 class foo {
 public:
  explicit foo(int v) : val(v) {}
  bool operator==(const foo& other) const  {
    return val == other.val;
  }
 private:
  foo() {}
  int val;
 };
 // another class without a public default constructor
 class no_def_constructor {
  no_def_constructor() {}
 public:
  no_def_constructor(std::string) {}
 };
 // A non-copyable class 
 class no_copy {
  no_copy(const no_copy&) {}
 public:
  no_copy() {};
 };
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Testing different element types --------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 typedef tuple<int> t1;
 typedef tuple<double&, const double&, const double, double*, const double*> t2;
 typedef tuple<A, int(*)(char, int), C> t3;
 typedef tuple<std::string, std::pair<A, B> > t4;
 typedef tuple<A*, tuple<const A*, const B&, C>, bool, void*> t5;
 typedef tuple<volatile int, const volatile char&, int(&)(float) > t6;
 # if !defined(__BORLANDC__) || __BORLAND__ > 0x0551
 typedef tuple<B(A::*)(C&), A&> t7;
 #endif
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // -tuple construction tests ---------------------------------------------
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 no_copy y;
 tuple<no_copy&> x = tuple<no_copy&>(y); // ok
 char cs[10];
 tuple<char(&)[10]> v2(cs);  // ok
 void
 construction_test()
 {
  // Note, the get function can be called without the tuples:: qualifier,
  // as it is lifted to namespace boost with a "using tuples::get" but
  // MSVC 6.0 just cannot find get without the namespace qualifier
  tuple<int> t1;
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t1) == int());
  tuple<float> t2(5.5f);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t2) > 5.4f && get<0>(t2) < 5.6f);
  tuple<foo> t3(foo(12));
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t3) == foo(12));
  tuple<double> t4(t2);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t4) > 5.4 && get<0>(t4) < 5.6);
  tuple<int, float> t5;
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t5) == int());
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t5) == float());
  tuple<int, float> t6(12, 5.5f);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t6) == 12);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t6) > 5.4f && get<1>(t6) < 5.6f);
  tuple<int, float> t7(t6);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t7) == 12);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t7) > 5.4f && get<1>(t7) < 5.6f);
  tuple<long, double> t8(t6);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t8) == 12);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t8) > 5.4f && get<1>(t8) < 5.6f);
  dummy(
    tuple<no_def_constructor, no_def_constructor, no_def_constructor>(
       std::string("Jaba"),   // ok, since the default
       std::string("Daba"),   // constructor is not used
       std::string("Doo")
    )
  );
 // testing default values
  dummy(tuple<int, double>());
  dummy(tuple<int, double>(1));
  dummy(tuple<int, double>(1,3.14));
  //  dummy(tuple<double&>()); // should fail, not defaults for references
  //  dummy(tuple<const double&>()); // likewise
  double dd = 5;
  dummy(tuple<double&>(dd)); // ok
  dummy(tuple<const double&>(dd+3.14)); // ok, but dangerous
  //  dummy(tuple<double&>(dd+3.14)); // should fail,
  //                                  // temporary to non-const reference
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing element access ---------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void element_access_test()
 {
  double d = 2.7;
  A a;
  tuple<int, double&, const A&, int> t(1, d, a, 2);
  const tuple<int, double&, const A, int> ct = t;
  int i  = get<0>(t);
  int i2 = get<3>(t);
  BOOST_CHECK(i == 1 && i2 == 2);
  int j  = get<0>(ct);
  BOOST_CHECK(j == 1);
  get<0>(t) = 5;
  BOOST_CHECK(t.head == 5);
  //  get<0>(ct) = 5; // can't assign to const
  double e = get<1>(t);
  BOOST_CHECK(e > 2.69 && e < 2.71);
  get<1>(t) = 3.14+i;
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t) > 4.13 && get<1>(t) < 4.15);
  //  get<4>(t) = A(); // can't assign to const
  //  dummy(get<5>(ct)); // illegal index
  ++get<0>(t);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t) == 6);
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_const<boost::tuples::element<0, tuple<int, float> >::type>::value != true));
 #ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_const<boost::tuples::element<0, const tuple<int, float> >::type>::value));
 #endif 
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_const<boost::tuples::element<1, tuple<int, float> >::type>::value != true));
 #ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_const<boost::tuples::element<1, const tuple<int, float> >::type>::value));
 #endif 
  dummy(i); dummy(i2); dummy(j); dummy(e); // avoid warns for unused variables
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - copying tuples -----------------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void
 copy_test()
 {
  tuple<int, char> t1(4, 'a');
  tuple<int, char> t2(5, 'b');
  t2 = t1;
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t1) == get<0>(t2));
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t1) == get<1>(t2));
  tuple<long, std::string> t3(2, "a");
  t3 = t1;
  BOOST_CHECK((double)get<0>(t1) == get<0>(t3));
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t1) == get<1>(t3)[0]);
 // testing copy and assignment with implicit conversions between elements
 // testing tie
  tuple<char, BB*, BB, DD> t;
  tuple<int, AA*, CC, CC> a(t);
  a = t;
  int i; char c; double d;
  tie(i, c, d) = make_tuple(1, 'a', 5.5);
  BOOST_CHECK(i==1);
  BOOST_CHECK(c=='a');
  BOOST_CHECK(d>5.4 && d<5.6);
 }
 void
 mutate_test()
 {
  tuple<int, float, bool, foo> t1(5, 12.2f, true, foo(4));
  get<0>(t1) = 6;
  get<1>(t1) = 2.2f;
  get<2>(t1) = false;
  get<3>(t1) = foo(5);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t1) == 6);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t1) > 2.1f && get<1>(t1) < 2.3f);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<2>(t1) == false);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<3>(t1) == foo(5));
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // make_tuple tests -----------------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void
 make_tuple_test()
 {
  tuple<int, char> t1 = make_tuple(5, 'a');
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t1) == 5);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t1) == 'a');
  tuple<int, std::string> t2;
  t2 = make_tuple((short int)2, std::string("Hi"));
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t2) == 2);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t2) == "Hi");
    A a = A(); B b;
    const A ca = a;
    make_tuple(boost::cref(a), b);
    make_tuple(boost::ref(a), b);
    make_tuple(boost::ref(a), boost::cref(b));
    make_tuple(boost::ref(ca));
 // the result of make_tuple is assignable:
   BOOST_CHECK(make_tuple(2, 4, 6) == 
             (make_tuple(1, 2, 3) = make_tuple(2, 4, 6)));
 #ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
    make_tuple("Donald", "Daisy"); // should work;
 #endif 
    //    std::make_pair("Doesn't","Work"); // fails
 // You can store a reference to a function in a tuple
    tuple<void(&)()> adf(make_tuple_test);
    dummy(adf); // avoid warning for unused variable
 // But make_tuple doesn't work 
 // with function references, since it creates a const qualified function type
 //   make_tuple(make_tuple_test);
 // With function pointers, make_tuple works just fine
 #if !defined(__BORLANDC__) || __BORLAND__ > 0x0551
   make_tuple(&make_tuple_test);
 #endif
 // NOTE:
 //
 // wrapping it the function reference with ref helps on gcc 2.95.2.
 // on edg 2.43. it results in a catastrophic error?
 // make_tuple(ref(foo3));
 // It seems that edg can't use implicitly the ref's conversion operator, e.g.:
 // typedef void (&func_t) (void);
 // func_t fref = static_cast<func_t>(ref(make_tuple_test)); // works fine 
 // func_t fref = ref(make_tuple_test);                        // error
 // This is probably not a very common situation, so currently
 // I don't know how which compiler is right (JJ)
 }
 void
 tie_test()
 {
  int a;
  char b;
  foo c(5);
  tie(a, b, c) = make_tuple(2, 'a', foo(3));
  BOOST_CHECK(a == 2);
  BOOST_CHECK(b == 'a');
  BOOST_CHECK(c == foo(3));
  tie(a, tuples::ignore, c) = make_tuple((short int)5, false, foo(5));
  BOOST_CHECK(a == 5);
  BOOST_CHECK(b == 'a');
  BOOST_CHECK(c == foo(5));
 // testing assignment from std::pair
   int i, j; 
   tie (i, j) = std::make_pair(1, 2);
   BOOST_CHECK(i == 1 && j == 2);
   tuple<int, int, float> ta;
 #ifdef E11
   ta = std::make_pair(1, 2); // should fail, tuple is of length 3, not 2
 #endif
   dummy(ta);
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing tuple equality   -------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void
 equality_test()
 {
  tuple<int, char> t1(5, 'a');
  tuple<int, char> t2(5, 'a');
  BOOST_CHECK(t1 == t2);
  tuple<int, char> t3(5, 'b');
  tuple<int, char> t4(2, 'a');
  BOOST_CHECK(t1 != t3);
  BOOST_CHECK(t1 != t4);
  BOOST_CHECK(!(t1 != t2));
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing tuple comparisons  -----------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void
 ordering_test()
 {
  tuple<int, float> t1(4, 3.3f);
  tuple<short, float> t2(5, 3.3f);
  tuple<long, double> t3(5, 4.4);
  BOOST_CHECK(t1 < t2);
  BOOST_CHECK(t1 <= t2);
  BOOST_CHECK(t2 > t1);
  BOOST_CHECK(t2 >= t1);
  BOOST_CHECK(t2 < t3);
  BOOST_CHECK(t2 <= t3);
  BOOST_CHECK(t3 > t2);
  BOOST_CHECK(t3 >= t2);
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing cons lists -------------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void cons_test()
 {
  using tuples::cons;
  using tuples::null_type;
  cons<volatile float, null_type> a(1, null_type());
  cons<const int, cons<volatile float, null_type> > b(2,a);
  int i = 3;
  cons<int&, cons<const int, cons<volatile float, null_type> > > c(i, b);
  BOOST_CHECK(make_tuple(3,2,1)==c);
  cons<char, cons<int, cons<float, null_type> > > x;
  dummy(x);
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing const tuples -----------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void const_tuple_test()
 {
  const tuple<int, float> t1(5, 3.3f);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<0>(t1) == 5);
  BOOST_CHECK(get<1>(t1) == 3.3f);
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - testing length -----------------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void tuple_length_test()
 {
  typedef tuple<int, float, double> t1;
  using tuples::cons;
  typedef cons<int, cons< float, cons <double, tuples::null_type> > > t1_cons;
  typedef tuple<> t2;
  typedef tuples::null_type t3;  
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(tuples::length<t1>::value == 3);
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(tuples::length<t1_cons>::value == 3);
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(tuples::length<t2>::value == 0);
  BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(tuples::length<t3>::value == 0);
 }
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // - main ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 int test_main(int, char *[]) {
  construction_test();
  element_access_test();
  copy_test();
  mutate_test();
  make_tuple_test();
  tie_test();
  equality_test();
  ordering_test();
  cons_test();
  const_tuple_test();
  tuple_length_test();
  return 0;
 }