diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayImpl.hpp
index 18fd58e0..c8fb8279 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayImpl.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayImpl.hpp
@@ -9,21 +9,25 @@
 
 namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
 
-template <typename TArray>
-inline ArrayRef ArrayShortcuts<TArray>::createNestedArray() const {
-  return impl()->add().template to<ArrayRef>();
+inline ObjectRef ArrayRef::createNestedObject() const {
+  return add().to<ObjectRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TArray>
-inline ObjectRef ArrayShortcuts<TArray>::createNestedObject() const {
-  return impl()->add().template to<ObjectRef>();
+template <typename TDataSource>
+inline ArrayRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedArray() const {
+  return add().template to<ArrayRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TArray>
-inline VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<TArray> >
-ArrayShortcuts<TArray>::operator[](size_t index) const {
-  return VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<TArray> >(
-      ElementDataSource<TArray>(*impl(), index));
+template <typename TDataSource>
+inline ObjectRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedObject() const {
+  return add().template to<ObjectRef>();
+}
+
+template <typename TDataSource>
+inline VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> > >
+VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::operator[](size_t index) const {
+  return VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> > >(
+      ElementDataSource<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> >(*this, index));
 }
 
 }  // namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayRef.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayRef.hpp
index 036d6662..4d73a989 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayRef.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayRef.hpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayFunctions.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayIterator.hpp>
+#include <ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantAttorney.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantData.hpp>
 
@@ -106,7 +107,6 @@ class ArrayConstRef : public ArrayRefBase<const CollectionData>,
 };
 
 class ArrayRef : public ArrayRefBase<CollectionData>,
-                 public ArrayShortcuts<ArrayRef>,
                  public VariantOperators<ArrayRef> {
   typedef ArrayRefBase<CollectionData> base_type;
 
@@ -132,7 +132,15 @@ class ArrayRef : public ArrayRefBase<CollectionData>,
     return VariantRef(_pool, arrayAdd(_data, _pool));
   }
 
-  using ArrayShortcuts<ArrayRef>::add;
+  template <typename T>
+  FORCE_INLINE bool add(const T& value) const {
+    return add().set(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FORCE_INLINE bool add(T* value) const {
+    return add().set(value);
+  }
 
   FORCE_INLINE iterator begin() const {
     if (!_data)
@@ -175,6 +183,19 @@ class ArrayRef : public ArrayRefBase<CollectionData>,
     _data->clear();
   }
 
+  // Returns the element at specified index if the variant is an array.
+  FORCE_INLINE VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<ArrayRef> > operator[](
+      size_t index) const {
+    return VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<ArrayRef> >(
+        ElementDataSource<ArrayRef>(*this, index));
+  }
+
+  FORCE_INLINE ObjectRef createNestedObject() const;
+
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray() const {
+    return add().to<ArrayRef>();
+  }
+
  protected:
   MemoryPool* getPool() const {
     return _pool;
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayShortcuts.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayShortcuts.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 717a20b5..00000000
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayShortcuts.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
-// Copyright © 2014-2022, Benoit BLANCHON
-// MIT License
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ArduinoJson/Polyfills/attributes.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Polyfills/type_traits.hpp>
-
-namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
-// Forward declarations.
-class ArrayRef;
-class ObjectRef;
-
-template <typename>
-class ElementDataSource;
-
-template <typename>
-class VariantProxy;
-
-template <typename TArray>
-class ArrayShortcuts {
- public:
-  // Returns the element at specified index if the variant is an array.
-  FORCE_INLINE VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<TArray> > operator[](
-      size_t index) const;
-
-  FORCE_INLINE ObjectRef createNestedObject() const;
-
-  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray() const;
-
-  // Adds the specified value at the end of the array.
-  //
-  // bool add(TValue);
-  // TValue = bool, long, int, short, float, double, serialized, VariantRef,
-  //          std::string, String, ObjectRef
-  template <typename T>
-  FORCE_INLINE bool add(const T& value) const {
-    return impl()->add().set(value);
-  }
-  //
-  // bool add(TValue);
-  // TValue = char*, const char*, const __FlashStringHelper*
-  template <typename T>
-  FORCE_INLINE bool add(T* value) const {
-    return impl()->add().set(value);
-  }
-
- private:
-  const TArray* impl() const {
-    return static_cast<const TArray*>(this);
-  }
-};
-}  // namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectImpl.hpp
index 88c27c71..9dd6f533 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectImpl.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectImpl.hpp
@@ -9,67 +9,78 @@
 
 namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
 
-template <typename TObject>
 template <typename TString>
-inline ArrayRef ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::createNestedArray(
-    const TString& key) const {
-  return impl()->operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
+inline ArrayRef ObjectRef::createNestedArray(const TString& key) const {
+  return operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
 template <typename TChar>
-inline ArrayRef ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::createNestedArray(TChar* key) const {
-  return impl()->operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
+inline ArrayRef ObjectRef::createNestedArray(TChar* key) const {
+  return operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TString>
-inline ObjectRef ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::createNestedObject(
+inline ArrayRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedArray(
     const TString& key) const {
-  return impl()->operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+  return operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TChar>
-inline ObjectRef ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::createNestedObject(
+inline ArrayRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedArray(
     TChar* key) const {
-  return impl()->operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+  return operator[](key).template to<ArrayRef>();
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
+template <typename TString>
+inline ObjectRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedObject(
+    const TString& key) const {
+  return operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+}
+
+template <typename TDataSource>
+template <typename TChar>
+inline ObjectRef VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::createNestedObject(
+    TChar* key) const {
+  return operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+}
+
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TString>
 inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
-ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::containsKey(const TString& key) const {
-  return variantGetMember(VariantAttorney::getData(*impl()),
-                          adaptString(key)) != 0;
+VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::containsKey(const TString& key) const {
+  return variantGetMember(VariantAttorney::getData(*this), adaptString(key)) !=
+         0;
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TChar>
 inline typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
-ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::containsKey(TChar* key) const {
-  return variantGetMember(VariantAttorney::getData(*impl()),
-                          adaptString(key)) != 0;
+VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::containsKey(TChar* key) const {
+  return variantGetMember(VariantAttorney::getData(*this), adaptString(key)) !=
+         0;
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TString>
-inline typename enable_if<
-    IsString<TString*>::value,
-    VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TString*> > >::type
-ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::operator[](TString* key) const {
-  return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TString*> >(
-      MemberDataSource<TObject, TString*>(*impl(), key));
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString*>::value,
+                          VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<
+                              VariantRefBase<TDataSource>, TString*> > >::type
+VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::operator[](TString* key) const {
+  return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TString*> >(
+      MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TString*>(*this, key));
 }
 
-template <typename TObject>
+template <typename TDataSource>
 template <typename TString>
-inline
-    typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value,
-                       VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TString> > >::type
-    ObjectShortcuts<TObject>::operator[](const TString& key) const {
-  return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TString> >(
-      MemberDataSource<TObject, TString>(*impl(), key));
+inline typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value,
+                          VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<
+                              VariantRefBase<TDataSource>, TString> > >::type
+VariantRefBase<TDataSource>::operator[](const TString& key) const {
+  return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TString> >(
+      MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TString>(*this, key));
 }
 
 }  // namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectRef.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectRef.hpp
index f9c57984..56ff6c23 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectRef.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectRef.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectFunctions.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectIterator.hpp>
 
@@ -14,6 +15,8 @@
 
 namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
 
+class ArrayRef;
+
 template <typename TData>
 class ObjectRefBase {
   friend class VariantAttorney;
@@ -125,7 +128,6 @@ class ObjectConstRef : public ObjectRefBase<const CollectionData>,
 };
 
 class ObjectRef : public ObjectRefBase<CollectionData>,
-                  public ObjectShortcuts<ObjectRef>,
                   public VariantOperators<ObjectRef> {
   typedef ObjectRefBase<CollectionData> base_type;
 
@@ -173,6 +175,24 @@ class ObjectRef : public ObjectRefBase<CollectionData>,
     return ObjectConstRef(_data) == ObjectConstRef(rhs._data);
   }
 
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
+      IsString<TString>::value,
+      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TString> > >::type
+  operator[](const TString& key) const {
+    return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TString> >(
+        MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TString>(*this, key));
+  }
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
+      IsString<TChar*>::value,
+      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TChar*> > >::type
+  operator[](TChar* key) const {
+    return VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TChar*> >(
+        MemberDataSource<ObjectRef, TChar*>(*this, key));
+  }
+
   FORCE_INLINE void remove(iterator it) const {
     if (!_data)
       return;
@@ -194,6 +214,34 @@ class ObjectRef : public ObjectRefBase<CollectionData>,
     objectRemove(_data, adaptString(key));
   }
 
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(const TString& key) const {
+    return objectGetMember(_data, adaptString(key)) != 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(TChar* key) const {
+    return objectGetMember(_data, adaptString(key)) != 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(const TString& key) const;
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(TChar* key) const;
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  ObjectRef createNestedObject(const TString& key) const {
+    return operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+  }
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  ObjectRef createNestedObject(TChar* key) const {
+    return operator[](key).template to<ObjectRef>();
+  }
+
  protected:
   MemoryPool* getPool() const {
     return _pool;
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectShortcuts.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectShortcuts.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a19f8030..00000000
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectShortcuts.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
-// Copyright © 2014-2022, Benoit BLANCHON
-// MIT License
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ArduinoJson/Polyfills/attributes.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Polyfills/type_traits.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Strings/IsString.hpp>
-
-namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
-template <typename TSource>
-class VariantProxy;
-
-template <typename TParent, typename TStringRef>
-class MemberDataSource;
-
-template <typename TObject>
-class ObjectShortcuts {
- public:
-  // containsKey(const std::string&) const
-  // containsKey(const String&) const
-  template <typename TString>
-  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
-  containsKey(const TString& key) const;
-
-  // containsKey(char*) const
-  // containsKey(const char*) const
-  // containsKey(const __FlashStringHelper*) const
-  template <typename TChar>
-  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
-  containsKey(TChar* key) const;
-
-  // operator[](const std::string&) const
-  // operator[](const String&) const
-  template <typename TString>
-  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
-      IsString<TString>::value,
-      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TString> > >::type
-  operator[](const TString& key) const;
-
-  // operator[](char*) const
-  // operator[](const char*) const
-  // operator[](const __FlashStringHelper*) const
-  template <typename TChar>
-  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
-      IsString<TChar*>::value,
-      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<TObject, TChar*> > >::type
-  operator[](TChar* key) const;
-
-  // createNestedArray(const std::string&) const
-  // createNestedArray(const String&) const
-  template <typename TString>
-  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(const TString& key) const;
-
-  // createNestedArray(char*) const
-  // createNestedArray(const char*) const
-  // createNestedArray(const __FlashStringHelper*) const
-  template <typename TChar>
-  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(TChar* key) const;
-
-  // createNestedObject(const std::string&) const
-  // createNestedObject(const String&) const
-  template <typename TString>
-  ObjectRef createNestedObject(const TString& key) const;
-
-  // createNestedObject(char*) const
-  // createNestedObject(const char*) const
-  // createNestedObject(const __FlashStringHelper*) const
-  template <typename TChar>
-  ObjectRef createNestedObject(TChar* key) const;
-
- private:
-  const TObject* impl() const {
-    return static_cast<const TObject*>(this);
-  }
-};
-}  // namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp
index 34ec29c7..b6cf3c1c 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 
 #include <ArduinoJson/Memory/MemoryPool.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Polyfills/type_traits.hpp>
+#include <ArduinoJson/Strings/IsString.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Strings/StringAdapters.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantAttorney.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantFunctions.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantShortcuts.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantTag.hpp>
 
 namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ class ArrayRef;
 class ObjectRef;
 
 class VariantConstRef : public VariantTag,
-                        public VariantOperators<VariantConstRef>,
-                        public VariantShortcuts<VariantConstRef> {
+                        public VariantOperators<VariantConstRef> {
   friend class VariantAttorney;
 
  public:
@@ -126,6 +125,23 @@ class VariantConstRef : public VariantTag,
     return VariantConstRef(variantGetMember(_data, adaptString(key)));
   }
 
+  // containsKey(const std::string&) const
+  // containsKey(const String&) const
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(const TString& key) const {
+    return variantGetMember(getData(), adaptString(key)) != 0;
+  }
+
+  // containsKey(char*) const
+  // containsKey(const char*) const
+  // containsKey(const __FlashStringHelper*) const
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(TChar* key) const {
+    return variantGetMember(getData(), adaptString(key)) != 0;
+  }
+
  protected:
   const VariantData* getData() const {
     return _data;
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBase.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBase.hpp
index 52ed96d5..4515ae82 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBase.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBase.hpp
@@ -8,16 +8,23 @@
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/Converter.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantConstRef.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantShortcuts.hpp>
 #include <ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantTo.hpp>
 
 namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
 
 class VariantRef;
 
+template <typename>
+class ElementDataSource;
+
+template <typename, typename>
+class MemberDataSource;
+
+template <typename>
+class VariantProxy;
+
 template <typename TDataSource>
-class VariantRefBase : public VariantShortcuts<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> >,
-                       public VariantTag {
+class VariantRefBase : public VariantTag {
   friend class VariantAttorney;
 
  public:
@@ -160,7 +167,17 @@ class VariantRefBase : public VariantShortcuts<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> >,
 
   FORCE_INLINE VariantRef add() const;
 
-  using ArrayShortcuts<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> >::add;
+  template <typename T>
+  FORCE_INLINE bool add(const T& value) const {
+    return add().set(value);
+  }
+  //
+  // bool add(TValue);
+  // TValue = char*, const char*, const __FlashStringHelper*
+  template <typename T>
+  FORCE_INLINE bool add(T* value) const {
+    return add().set(value);
+  }
 
   FORCE_INLINE void remove(size_t index) const {
     VariantData* data = getData();
@@ -187,6 +204,43 @@ class VariantRefBase : public VariantShortcuts<VariantRefBase<TDataSource> >,
       data->remove(adaptString(key));
   }
 
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray() const;
+  FORCE_INLINE ObjectRef createNestedObject() const;
+  FORCE_INLINE VariantProxy<ElementDataSource<VariantRefBase> > operator[](
+      size_t index) const;
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TString>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(const TString& key) const;
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<IsString<TChar*>::value, bool>::type
+  containsKey(TChar* key) const;
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
+      IsString<TString>::value,
+      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TString> > >::type
+  operator[](const TString& key) const;
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE typename enable_if<
+      IsString<TChar*>::value,
+      VariantProxy<MemberDataSource<VariantRefBase, TChar*> > >::type
+  operator[](TChar* key) const;
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(const TString& key) const;
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  FORCE_INLINE ArrayRef createNestedArray(TChar* key) const;
+
+  template <typename TString>
+  ObjectRef createNestedObject(const TString& key) const;
+
+  template <typename TChar>
+  ObjectRef createNestedObject(TChar* key) const;
+
  protected:
   FORCE_INLINE MemoryPool* getPool() const {
     return _source.getPool();
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantShortcuts.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantShortcuts.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b324832..00000000
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantShortcuts.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-// ArduinoJson - https://arduinojson.org
-// Copyright © 2014-2022, Benoit BLANCHON
-// MIT License
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <ArduinoJson/Array/ArrayShortcuts.hpp>
-#include <ArduinoJson/Object/ObjectShortcuts.hpp>
-
-namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE {
-
-template <typename TVariant>
-class VariantShortcuts : public ObjectShortcuts<TVariant>,
-                         public ArrayShortcuts<TVariant> {
- public:
-  using ArrayShortcuts<TVariant>::createNestedArray;
-  using ArrayShortcuts<TVariant>::createNestedObject;
-  using ArrayShortcuts<TVariant>::operator[];
-  using ObjectShortcuts<TVariant>::createNestedArray;
-  using ObjectShortcuts<TVariant>::createNestedObject;
-  using ObjectShortcuts<TVariant>::operator[];
-};
-}  // namespace ARDUINOJSON_NAMESPACE