diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 13937981..d95d6bc5 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,36 @@ HEAD
 ----
 
 * Fix support for NUL characters in `deserializeJson()`
+* Make `ElementProxy` and `MemberProxy` non-copyable
+
+> ### BREAKING CHANGES
+>
+> In previous versions, `MemberProxy` (the class returned by `operator[]`) could lead to dangling pointers when used with a temporary string.
+> To prevent this issue, `MemberProxy` and `ElementProxy` are now non-copyable.
+>
+> Your code is likely to be affected if you use `auto` to store the result of `operator[]`. For example, the following line won't compile anymore:
+>
+> ```cpp
+> auto value = doc["key"];
+> ```
+>
+> To fix the issue, you must append either `.as<T>()` or `.to<T>()`, depending on the situation.
+>
+> For example, if you are extracting values from a JSON document, you should update like this:
+>
+> ```diff
+> - auto config = doc["config"];
+> + auto config = doc["config"].as<JsonObject>();
+> const char* name = config["name"];
+> ```
+>
+> However, if you are building a JSON document, you should update like this:
+>
+> ```diff
+> - auto config = doc["config"];
+> + auto config = doc["config"].to<JsonObject>();
+> config["name"] = "ArduinoJson";
+> ```
 
 v7.2.1 (2024-11-15)
 ------
diff --git a/extras/tests/Deprecated/containsKey.cpp b/extras/tests/Deprecated/containsKey.cpp
index 1b508975..846e98fb 100644
--- a/extras/tests/Deprecated/containsKey.cpp
+++ b/extras/tests/Deprecated/containsKey.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ TEST_CASE("JsonDocument::containsKey()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::containsKey()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("containsKey(const char*)") {
     mp["key"] = "value";
diff --git a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/ElementProxy.cpp b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/ElementProxy.cpp
index 7faf0e47..7de4d6ab 100644
--- a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/ElementProxy.cpp
+++ b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/ElementProxy.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ using ElementProxy = ArduinoJson::detail::ElementProxy<JsonDocument&>;
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::add()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc.add<JsonVariant>();
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   SECTION("add(int)") {
     ep.add(42);
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::add()") {
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::clear()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc.add<JsonVariant>();
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   SECTION("size goes back to zero") {
     ep.add(42);
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::operator==()") {
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::remove()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc.add<JsonVariant>();
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   SECTION("remove(int)") {
     ep.add(1);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::remove()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::set()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   SECTION("set(int)") {
     ep.set(42);
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::set()") {
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::size()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc.add<JsonVariant>();
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   SECTION("returns 0") {
     REQUIRE(ep.size() == 0);
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::size()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("ElementProxy::operator[]") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[1];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[1];
 
   SECTION("set member") {
     ep["world"] = 42;
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy cast to JsonVariantConst") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc[0] = "world";
 
-  const ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   JsonVariantConst var = ep;
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ElementProxy cast to JsonVariant") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc[0] = "world";
 
-  ElementProxy ep = doc[0];
+  const ElementProxy& ep = doc[0];
 
   JsonVariant var = ep;
 
diff --git a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/MemberProxy.cpp b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/MemberProxy.cpp
index 96c24a95..79f314c0 100644
--- a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/MemberProxy.cpp
+++ b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/MemberProxy.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ using ArduinoJson::detail::sizeofObject;
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::add()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("add(int)") {
     mp.add(42);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::add()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::clear()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("size goes back to zero") {
     mp.add(42);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::operator|()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::remove()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("remove(int)") {
     mp.add(1);
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::remove()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::set()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("set(int)") {
     mp.set(42);
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::set()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::size()") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("returns 0") {
     REQUIRE(mp.size() == 0);
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::size()") {
 
 TEST_CASE("MemberProxy::operator[]") {
   JsonDocument doc;
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   SECTION("set member") {
     mp["world"] = 42;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy cast to JsonVariantConst") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc["hello"] = "world";
 
-  const auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   JsonVariantConst var = mp;
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ TEST_CASE("MemberProxy cast to JsonVariant") {
   JsonDocument doc;
   doc["hello"] = "world";
 
-  auto mp = doc["hello"];
+  const auto& mp = doc["hello"];
 
   JsonVariant var = mp;
 
diff --git a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/issue1120.cpp b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/issue1120.cpp
index 07ad9324..aa3132f5 100644
--- a/extras/tests/JsonDocument/issue1120.cpp
+++ b/extras/tests/JsonDocument/issue1120.cpp
@@ -12,49 +12,41 @@ TEST_CASE("Issue #1120") {
 
   SECTION("MemberProxy<std::string>::isNull()") {
     SECTION("returns false") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"_s];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == false);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"_s].isNull() == false);
     }
 
     SECTION("returns true") {
-      auto value = doc["zontents"_s];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == true);
+      CHECK(doc["zontents"_s].isNull() == true);
     }
   }
 
   SECTION("ElementProxy<MemberProxy<const char*> >::isNull()") {
     SECTION("returns false") {  // Issue #1120
-      auto value = doc["contents"][1];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == false);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][1].isNull() == false);
     }
 
     SECTION("returns true") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"][2];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == true);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][2].isNull() == true);
     }
   }
 
   SECTION("MemberProxy<ElementProxy<MemberProxy>, const char*>::isNull()") {
     SECTION("returns false") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"][1]["module"];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == false);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][1]["module"].isNull() == false);
     }
 
     SECTION("returns true") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"][1]["zodule"];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == true);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][1]["zodule"].isNull() == true);
     }
   }
 
   SECTION("MemberProxy<ElementProxy<MemberProxy>, std::string>::isNull()") {
     SECTION("returns false") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"][1]["module"_s];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == false);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][1]["module"_s].isNull() == false);
     }
 
     SECTION("returns true") {
-      auto value = doc["contents"][1]["zodule"_s];
-      CHECK(value.isNull() == true);
+      CHECK(doc["contents"][1]["zodule"_s].isNull() == true);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp
index f36b68ea..06994a93 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/ElementProxy.hpp
@@ -15,13 +15,18 @@ class ElementProxy : public VariantRefBase<ElementProxy<TUpstream>>,
                      public VariantOperators<ElementProxy<TUpstream>> {
   friend class VariantAttorney;
 
+  friend class VariantRefBase<ElementProxy<TUpstream>>;
+
+  template <typename, typename>
+  friend class MemberProxy;
+
+  template <typename>
+  friend class ElementProxy;
+
  public:
   ElementProxy(TUpstream upstream, size_t index)
       : upstream_(upstream), index_(index) {}
 
-  ElementProxy(const ElementProxy& src)
-      : upstream_(src.upstream_), index_(src.index_) {}
-
   ElementProxy& operator=(const ElementProxy& src) {
     this->set(src);
     return *this;
@@ -40,6 +45,11 @@ class ElementProxy : public VariantRefBase<ElementProxy<TUpstream>>,
   }
 
  private:
+  // clang-format off
+  ElementProxy(const ElementProxy& src)  // Error here? See https://arduinojson.org/v7/proxy-non-copyable/
+      : upstream_(src.upstream_), index_(src.index_) {}
+  // clang-format on
+
   ResourceManager* getResourceManager() const {
     return VariantAttorney::getResourceManager(upstream_);
   }
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
index 0e3ea2ee..e9cbca71 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Array/JsonArray.hpp
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class JsonArray : public detail::VariantOperators<JsonArray> {
   // https://arduinojson.org/v7/api/jsonarray/remove/
   template <typename TVariant>
   detail::enable_if_t<detail::IsVariant<TVariant>::value> remove(
-      TVariant variant) const {
+      const TVariant& variant) const {
     if (variant.template is<size_t>())
       remove(variant.template as<size_t>());
   }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class JsonArray : public detail::VariantOperators<JsonArray> {
                       detail::ElementProxy<JsonArray>>
   operator[](const TVariant& variant) const {
     if (variant.template is<size_t>())
-      return operator[](variant.template as<size_t>());
+      return {*this, variant.template as<size_t>()};
     else
       return {*this, size_t(-1)};
   }
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp
index 8c4313af..2d297585 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Object/MemberProxy.hpp
@@ -16,13 +16,18 @@ class MemberProxy
       public VariantOperators<MemberProxy<TUpstream, AdaptedString>> {
   friend class VariantAttorney;
 
+  friend class VariantRefBase<MemberProxy<TUpstream, AdaptedString>>;
+
+  template <typename, typename>
+  friend class MemberProxy;
+
+  template <typename>
+  friend class ElementProxy;
+
  public:
   MemberProxy(TUpstream upstream, AdaptedString key)
       : upstream_(upstream), key_(key) {}
 
-  MemberProxy(const MemberProxy& src)
-      : upstream_(src.upstream_), key_(src.key_) {}
-
   MemberProxy& operator=(const MemberProxy& src) {
     this->set(src);
     return *this;
@@ -41,6 +46,11 @@ class MemberProxy
   }
 
  private:
+  // clang-format off
+  MemberProxy(const MemberProxy& src) // Error here? See https://arduinojson.org/v7/proxy-non-copyable/
+      : upstream_(src.upstream_), key_(src.key_) {}
+  // clang-format on
+
   ResourceManager* getResourceManager() const {
     return VariantAttorney::getResourceManager(upstream_);
   }
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp
index b06d46f6..08e5bbd4 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantOperators.hpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
   // JsonVariant operator|(JsonVariant, JsonVariant)
   template <typename T>
   friend enable_if_t<IsVariant<T>::value, JsonVariantConst> operator|(
-      const TVariant& variant, T defaultValue) {
+      const TVariant& variant, const T& defaultValue) {
     if (variant)
       return variant;
     else
@@ -60,38 +60,38 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
 
   // value == TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator==(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator==(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator==(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator==(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
 
   // TVariant == value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator==(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator==(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return compare(lhs, rhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
   template <typename T>
   friend enable_if_t<!is_base_of<VariantOperatorTag, T>::value, bool>
-  operator==(TVariant lhs, const T& rhs) {
+  operator==(const TVariant& lhs, const T& rhs) {
     return compare(lhs, rhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
 
   // value != TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator!=(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator!=(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) != COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator!=(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator!=(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) != COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
 
   // TVariant != value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator!=(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator!=(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return compare(lhs, rhs) != COMPARE_RESULT_EQUAL;
   }
   template <typename T>
@@ -102,17 +102,17 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
 
   // value < TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER;
   }
 
   // TVariant < value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return compare(lhs, rhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_LESS;
   }
   template <typename T>
@@ -123,17 +123,17 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
 
   // value <= TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<=(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<=(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return (compare(rhs, lhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<=(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<=(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return (compare(rhs, lhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
 
   // TVariant <= value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator<=(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator<=(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return (compare(lhs, rhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_LESS_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
   template <typename T>
@@ -144,17 +144,17 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
 
   // value > TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_LESS;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return compare(rhs, lhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_LESS;
   }
 
   // TVariant > value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return compare(lhs, rhs) == COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER;
   }
   template <typename T>
@@ -165,22 +165,22 @@ struct VariantOperators : VariantOperatorTag {
 
   // value >= TVariant
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>=(T* lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>=(T* lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return (compare(rhs, lhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_LESS_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>=(const T& lhs, TVariant rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>=(const T& lhs, const TVariant& rhs) {
     return (compare(rhs, lhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_LESS_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
 
   // TVariant >= value
   template <typename T>
-  friend bool operator>=(TVariant lhs, T* rhs) {
+  friend bool operator>=(const TVariant& lhs, T* rhs) {
     return (compare(lhs, rhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
   template <typename T>
   friend enable_if_t<!is_base_of<VariantOperatorTag, T>::value, bool>
-  operator>=(TVariant lhs, const T& rhs) {
+  operator>=(const TVariant& lhs, const T& rhs) {
     return (compare(lhs, rhs) & COMPARE_RESULT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL) != 0;
   }
 };
diff --git a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp
index 5838f9f3..1a0685f3 100644
--- a/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp
+++ b/src/ArduinoJson/Variant/VariantRefBaseImpl.hpp
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ inline bool VariantRefBase<TDerived>::is() const {
 template <typename TDerived>
 inline ElementProxy<TDerived> VariantRefBase<TDerived>::operator[](
     size_t index) const {
-  return ElementProxy<TDerived>(derived(), index);
+  return {derived(), index};
 }
 
 template <typename TDerived>