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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fusion.extension"></a><a href="extension.html" title="Extension">Extension</a></h2></div></div></div>
<p>
The Fusion library is designed to be extensible, new sequences types can easily
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be added. In fact, the library support for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span></tt>,
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span></tt> and <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>
sequences is entirely provided using the extension mechanism.
</p>
<p>
The process for adding a new sequence type to Fusion is:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
Enable the <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"><span class="emphasis"><em>tag dispatching</em></span></a>
mechanism used by Fusion for your sequence type
</li>
<li>
Design an iterator type for the sequence
</li>
<li>
Provide specialized behaviour for the intrinsic operations of the new Fusion
sequence
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="fusion.extension.our_example"></a><h3>
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<a name="id609634"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.our_example">Our example</a>
</h3>
<p>
In order to illustrate enabling a new sequence type for use with Fusion, we
are going to use the type:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">example</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">example_struct</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">age</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">example_struct</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">age</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We are going to pretend that this type has been provided by a 3rd party library,
and therefore cannot be modified. We shall work through all the necessary steps
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to enable <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt> to
serve as an <a href="sequences/concepts/associative_sequence.html" title="Associative
Sequence">Associative
Sequence</a> as described in the <a href="quick_start.html" title="Quick Start">Quick
Start</a> guide.
</p>
<a name="fusion.extension.enabling_tag_dispatching"></a><h3>
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<a name="id609916"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.enabling_tag_dispatching">Enabling Tag Dispatching</a>
</h3>
<p>
The Fusion extensibility mechanism uses <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"><span class="emphasis"><em>tag
dispatching</em></span></a> to call the correct code for a given sequence
type. In order to exploit the tag dispatching mechanism we must first declare
a new tag type for the mechanism to use. For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
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<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">example</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">example_sequence_tag</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Only definition needed
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</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
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Next we need to enable the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span></tt>
metafunction to return our newly chosen tag type for operations involving our
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sequence. This is done by specializing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span></tt>
for our sequence type.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">support</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tag_of_fwd</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">fusion</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">tag_of</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example_struct</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
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<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_sequence_tag</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}}}</span>
</pre>
<p>
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<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span></tt> also has a second template argument,
that can be used in conjuction with <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">enable_if</span></tt>
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to provide tag support for groups of related types. This feature is not necessary
for our sequence, but for an example see the code in:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">sequence</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">adapted</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<a name="fusion.extension.designing_a_suitable_iterator"></a><h3>
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<a name="id610409"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.designing_a_suitable_iterator">Designing a
suitable iterator</a>
</h3>
<p>
We need an iterator to describe positions, and provide access to the data within
our sequence. As it is straightforward to do, we are going to provide a random
access iterator in our example.
</p>
<p>
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We will use a simple design, in which the 2 members of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt>
are given numbered indices, 0 for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">name</span></tt>
and 1 for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">age</span></tt> respectively.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">Pos</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span>
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<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_base</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Pos</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Pos</span> <span class="special">&gt;=</span><span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">Pos</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span> <span class="identifier">struct_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
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<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Pos</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">index</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">random_access_traversal_tag</span> <span class="identifier">category</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">struct_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">struct_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
A quick summary of the details of our iterator:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
The iterator is parameterized by the type it is iterating over, and the index
of the current element.
</li>
<li>
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The typedefs <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">struct_type</span></tt>
and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">index</span></tt> provide convenient
access to information we will need later in the implementation.
</li>
<li>
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The typedef <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">category</span></tt> allows
the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><a href="support/category_of.html" title="category_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">category_of</span></tt></a></tt>
metafunction to establish the traversal category of the iterator.
</li>
<li>
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The constructor stores a reference to the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt>
being iterated over.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We also need to enable <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"><span class="emphasis"><em>tag
dispatching</em></span></a> for our iterator type, with another specialization
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of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span></tt>.
</p>
<p>
In isolation, the iterator implementation is pretty dry. Things should become
clearer as we add features to our implementation.
</p>
<a name="fusion.extension.a_first_couple_of_instructive_features"></a><h3>
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<a name="id611044"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.a_first_couple_of_instructive_features">A first
couple of instructive features</a>
</h3>
<p>
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To start with, we will get the <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a> metafunction working. To
do this, we provide a specialization of the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">extension</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span></tt>
template for our iterator's tag type.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The implementation itself is pretty simple, it just uses 2 partial specializations
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to provide the type of the 2 different members of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt>,
based on the index of the iterator.
</p>
<p>
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To understand how <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span></tt>
is used by the library we will look at the implementation of <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a>
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<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">extension</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
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So <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a>
uses <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"><span class="emphasis"><em>tag dispatching</em></span></a>
to select an MPL Metafunction Class to provide its functionality. You will
notice this pattern throughout the implementation of Fusion.
</p>
<p>
Ok, lets enable dereferencing of our iterator. In this case we must provide
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a suitable specialization of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">deref_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">if_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">is_const</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
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<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">struct_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">if_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">is_const</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
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<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Struct</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
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<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">struct_</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">age</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
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<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
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The use of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt> is very
similar to that of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span></tt>,
but it also provides some runtime functionality this time via the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">call</span></tt> static member function. To see how
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt> is used, lets have
a look at the implementation of <a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">result_of</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">struct</span> <a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a>
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<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">extension</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{};</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
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<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">deref</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
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<a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
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<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">deref</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">deref_meta</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">deref_meta</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
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So again <a href="iterators/metafunctions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a> uses <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"><span class="emphasis"><em>tag
dispatching</em></span></a> in exactly the same way as the <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a> implementation. The runtime
functionality used by <a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a> is provided by the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">call</span></tt> static function of the selected MPL
Metafunction Class.
</p>
<p>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
The actual implementation of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt>
is slightly more complex than that of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span></tt>.
We also need to implement the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">call</span></tt>
function, which returns a reference to the appropriate member of the underlying
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
sequence. We also require a little bit of metaprogramming to return <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span></tt> references if the underlying sequence
is const.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
Although there is a fair amount of left to do to produce a fully fledged
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
Fusion sequence, <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a> and <a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a> illustrate all the signficant
concepts required. The remainder of the process is very repetitive, simply
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
requiring implementation of a suitable <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">xxxx_impl</span></tt>
for each feature <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">xxxx</span></tt>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<a name="fusion.extension.implementing_the_remaining_iterator_functionality"></a><h3>
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<a name="id613285"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.implementing_the_remaining_iterator_functionality">Implementing
the remaining iterator functionality</a>
</h3>
<p>
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Ok, now we have seen the way <a href="iterators/metafunctions/value_of.html" title="value_of"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of</span></tt></a> and <a href="iterators/functions/deref.html" title="deref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref</span></tt></a> work, everything else will work
in pretty much the same way. Lets start with forward iteration, by providing
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
a <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">next_impl</span></tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
2006-10-30 01:20:23 +00:00
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">next_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">struct_type</span> <span class="identifier">struct_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">index</span> <span class="identifier">index</span><span class="special">;</span>
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<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">struct_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">index</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
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<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">struct_</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
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This should be very familiar from our <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt>
implementation, we will be using this approach again and again now. Our design
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
is simply to increment the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">index</span></tt>
counter to move on to the next element. The various other iterator manipulations
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
we need to perform will all just involve simple calculations with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">index</span></tt> variables.
</p>
<p>
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We also need to provide a suitable <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_to_impl</span></tt>
so that iterators can be correctly compared. A <a href="iterators/concepts/bidirectional_iterator.html" title="Bidirectional
Iterator">Bidirectional
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
Iterator</a> will also need an implementation of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">prior_impl</span></tt>.
For a <a href="iterators/concepts/random_access_iterator.html" title="Random
Access Iterator">Random
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
Access Iterator</a> <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">distance_impl</span></tt>
and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">advance_impl</span></tt> also need
to be provided in order to satisfy the necessary complexity guarantees. As
our iterator is a <a href="iterators/concepts/random_access_iterator.html" title="Random
Access Iterator">Random
Access Iterator</a> we will have to implement all of these functions.
</p>
<p>
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Full implementations of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">prior_impl</span></tt>,
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">advance_impl</span></tt>, <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">distance_impl</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">equal_to_impl</span></tt>
are provided in the example code.
</p>
<a name="fusion.extension.implementing_the_intrinsic_functions_of_the_sequence"></a><h3>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<a name="id613911"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.implementing_the_intrinsic_functions_of_the_sequence">Implementing
the intrinsic functions of the sequence</a>
</h3>
<p>
In order that Fusion can correctly identify our sequence as a Fusion sequence,
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
we need to enable <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_sequence</span></tt>
for our sequence type. As usual we just create an <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">impl</span></tt>
type specialized for our sequence tag:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
2006-10-30 01:20:23 +00:00
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">is_sequence_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_sequence_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">true_</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
We've some similar formalities to complete, providing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">category_of_impl</span></tt>
so Fusion can correctly identify our sequence type, and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_view_impl</span></tt>
so Fusion can correctly identify our sequence as not being a <a href="sequences/views.html" title="Views">View</a>
type. Implementations are provide in the example code.
</p>
<p>
Now we've completed some formalities, on to more interesting features. Lets
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
get <a href="sequences/intrinsics/functions/begin.html" title="begin"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span></tt></a> working so that we can get an
iterator to start accessing the data in our sequence.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
2006-10-30 01:20:23 +00:00
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">begin_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_sequence_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
2006-10-30 01:20:23 +00:00
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_struct_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The implementation uses the same ideas we have applied throughout, in this
case we are just creating one of the iterators we developed earlier, pointing
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
to the first element in the sequence. The implementation of <a href="sequences/intrinsics/functions/end.html" title="end"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span></tt></a> is very similar, and is provided
in the example code.
</p>
<p>
For our <a href="sequences/concepts/random_access_sequence.html" title="Random
Access Sequence">Random
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
Access Sequence</a> we will also need to implement <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size_impl</span></tt>,
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_at_impl</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">at_impl</span></tt>.
</p>
<a name="fusion.extension.enabling_our_type_as_an_associative_container"></a><h3>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<a name="id614499"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.enabling_our_type_as_an_associative_container">Enabling
our type as an associative container</a>
</h3>
<p>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
In order for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt>
to serve as an associative container, we need to enable 3 lookup features,
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<a href="sequences/intrinsics/functions/at_key.html" title="at_key"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">at_key</span></tt></a>, <a href="sequences/intrinsics/metafunctions/value_at_key.html" title="value_at_key"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_at_key</span></tt></a> and <a href="sequences/intrinsics/functions/has_key.html" title="has_key"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">has_key</span></tt></a>. We also need to provide an
implementation of the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_associative</span></tt>
trait so that our sequence can be correctly identified as an associative container.
</p>
<p>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
To implement <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">at_key_impl</span></tt> we
need to associate the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">age</span></tt> and
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">age</span></tt> types described in the <a href="quick_start.html" title="Quick Start">Quick
Start</a> guide with the appropriate members of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example_struct</span></tt>.
Our implementation is as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span>
2006-10-30 01:20:23 +00:00
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">at_key_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">example_sequence_tag</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Key</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">if_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">is_const</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">age</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">if_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">is_const</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">seq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">age</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Its all very similar to the implementations we've seen previously, such as
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">deref_impl</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_of_impl</span></tt>. Instead of identifying the
members by index or position, we are now selecting them using the types <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fields</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">age</span></tt>. The
implementations of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value_at_key_impl</span></tt>
and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">has_key_impl</span></tt> are equally
straightforward, and are provided in the example code, along with an implementation
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">is_associative_impl</span></tt>.
</p>
<a name="fusion.extension.summary"></a><h3>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
<a name="id615481"></a>
<a href="extension.html#fusion.extension.summary">Summary</a>
</h3>
<p>
We've now worked through the entire process for adding a new random access
sequence and we've also enabled our type to serve as an associative container.
The implementation was slightly longwinded, but followed a simple repeating
pattern.
</p>
<p>
2007-02-07 22:59:25 +00:00
The support for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span></tt>, <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>
sequences, and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">array</span></tt> all use the same approach, and provide
additional examples of the approach for a variety of types.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright <20> 2001-2005 Joel de Guzman, Dan Marsden</small></td>
</tr></table>
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