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Eric Niebler 798b2f4017 Merged revisions 41072-41140 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

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  r41077 | troyer | 2007-11-13 23:00:02 -0800 (Tue, 13 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Added support for std::complex to serialization
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  r41078 | joaquin | 2007-11-13 23:09:29 -0800 (Tue, 13 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  added missing include
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  r41079 | djowel | 2007-11-14 02:13:51 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  adjust to compensate for lack of <small> tag.
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  r41080 | djowel | 2007-11-14 02:17:09 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  refresh docs
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  r41081 | djowel | 2007-11-14 02:23:23 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  refresh docs
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  r41082 | djowel | 2007-11-14 02:24:21 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  refresh docs
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  r41083 | anthonyw | 2007-11-14 03:08:09 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  ignore and join all threads in group on exception
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  r41084 | anthonyw | 2007-11-14 03:56:53 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  interrupt and join all threads in a group if an exception is thrown during a test
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  r41086 | johnmaddock | 2007-11-14 04:14:19 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Merged changes from the Sandbox to Trunk.
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  r41087 | anthonyw | 2007-11-14 04:17:41 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  interrupt and join all threads in a group if an exception is thrown during a test
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  r41088 | johnmaddock | 2007-11-14 04:41:32 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Added WinCE workaround.
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  r41089 | johnmaddock | 2007-11-14 05:03:15 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Catch exceptions thrown from thread creation.
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  r41090 | anthonyw | 2007-11-14 06:49:58 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  fixes for pthread implementation
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  r41091 | bemandawes | 2007-11-14 07:50:43 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Replace old docs with excerpts from http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.testing/5020
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  r41093 | eric_niebler | 2007-11-14 08:36:15 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  fix support for segmented iteration
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  r41094 | dave | 2007-11-14 09:37:55 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Update command-prompt instructions per
  http://news.gmane.org/find-root.php?message_id=%3cfhcrem%24c4%241%40ger.gmane.org%3e
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  r41095 | bemandawes | 2007-11-14 12:05:30 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Bring docs more in line with reality:-)
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  r41097 | hljin | 2007-11-14 18:07:53 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  GIL: removed the example directory from the documentation as it is a duplication and re-directed the Doxygen documentation to a local copy (to be submitted next)
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  r41098 | hljin | 2007-11-14 18:30:13 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  GIL: added a local copy of the Doxygen documentation
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  r41099 | hljin | 2007-11-14 18:32:04 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  GIL: added a local copy of the Doxygen documentation (second batch)
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  r41100 | chris_kohlhoff | 2007-11-14 22:19:04 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 6 lines
  
  Try to fix an order-of-initialisation problem with error_category references.
  The symptom, which only occurs in some applications, is a crash due to a
  dereference of a null pointer. The exact conditions under which the problem
  occurs are not fully understood, so this fix is probably more paranoid than
  necessary.
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  r41102 | jhunold | 2007-11-14 23:04:24 -0800 (Wed, 14 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Suppress msvc "deprecated" warnings.
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  r41103 | johnmaddock | 2007-11-15 01:52:26 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Fix some compiler warnings when building with the Intel and aCC compilers.
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  r41104 | garcia | 2007-11-15 04:50:48 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 2 lines
  
  John Torjo is reviewing the X-files.
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  r41105 | hkaiser | 2007-11-15 05:27:24 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Suppressed more warnings during build of Wave.
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  r41106 | bemandawes | 2007-11-15 06:36:40 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  GetUserDefaultUILanguage isn't present for Cygwin, so disable use
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  r41107 | bemandawes | 2007-11-15 07:20:27 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Get rid of .cvsignore files
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  r41108 | eric_niebler | 2007-11-15 08:06:22 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  fix typo
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  r41110 | grafik | 2007-11-15 08:58:21 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Fix building of multiple regression tools at once.
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  r41111 | gmelquio | 2007-11-15 09:52:31 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Fixed documentation typo.
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  r41113 | grafik | 2007-11-15 10:56:43 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Switch intel-win32 to use static multi thread runtime since the single thread static runtime is no longer available. (fixes #1287)
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  r41114 | andreas_huber69 | 2007-11-15 11:22:12 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Added new FAQ item suggested by Chris Paulse.
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  r41116 | guwi17 | 2007-11-15 12:52:37 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 4 lines
  
  This patch now lets the Sun compiler work for most of uBLAS. 'test4' is now failing.
  Too avoid other compilers complaining about missing return values in some functions where exceptions are thrown, code was added so an arbitatry were chosen.
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  r41117 | danmarsden | 2007-11-15 13:15:47 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  removing failing test on EDG compilers
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  r41118 | grafik | 2007-11-15 14:05:15 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Remove redundant reference to system library. It causes double linking when used indirectly through filesystem. Which can lead to double linking incompatible variants when a specific filesystem variant is requested.
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  r41119 | grafik | 2007-11-15 14:05:22 -0800 (Thu, 15 Nov 2007) | 1 line
  
  Oops, forgot we need to use the root boost project settings when building.
........


[SVN r41141]
2007-11-16 08:03:15 +00:00

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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="fusion.notes"></a><a href="notes.html" title="Notes">Notes</a></h2></div></div></div>
<a name="fusion.notes.recursive_inlined_functions"></a><h3>
<a name="id682414"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.recursive_inlined_functions">Recursive Inlined
Functions</a>
</h3>
<p>
An interesting peculiarity of functions like <a href="sequence/intrinsic/functions/at.html" title="at"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">at</span></tt></a> when applied to a <a href="sequence/concepts/forward_sequence.html" title="Forward
Sequence">Forward
Sequence</a> like <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a>
is that what could have been linear runtime complexity effectively becomes
constant O(1) due to compiler optimization of C++ inlined functions, however
deeply recursive (up to a certain compiler limit of course). Compile time complexity
remains linear.
</p>
<a name="fusion.notes.overloaded_functions"></a><h3>
<a name="id682489"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.overloaded_functions">Overloaded Functions</a>
</h3>
<p>
Associative sequences use function overloading to implement membership testing
and type associated key lookup. This amounts to constant runtime and amortized
constant compile time complexities. There is an overloaded function, <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="special">)</span></tt>, for each key <span class="emphasis"><em>type</em></span> <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">k</span></tt>. The compiler chooses the appropriate function
given a key, <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">k</span></tt>.
</p>
<a name="fusion.notes.tag_dispatching"></a><h3>
<a name="id682573"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.tag_dispatching">Tag Dispatching</a>
</h3>
<p>
Tag dispatching is a generic programming technique for selecting template specializations.
There are typically 3 components involved in the tag dispatching mechanism:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
A type for which an appropriate template specialization is required
</li>
<li>
A metafunction that associates the type with a tag type
</li>
<li>
A template that is specialized for the tag type
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
For example, the fusion <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span></tt> metafunction
is implemented as follows:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span>
<span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin_impl</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="identifier">apply</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Sequence</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
In the case:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Sequence</span></tt> is the type for
which a suitable implementation of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin_impl</span></tt>
is required
</li>
<li>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">traits</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tag_of</span></tt> is the metafunction that associates
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Sequence</span></tt> with an appropriate
tag
</li>
<li>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">result_of</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin_impl</span></tt> is the template which is specialized
to provide an implementation for each tag type
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="fusion.notes.extensibility"></a><h3>
<a name="id682957"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.extensibility">Extensibility</a>
</h3>
<p>
Unlike <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>, there
is no extensibe sequence concept in fusion. This does not mean that Fusion
sequences are not extensible. In fact, all Fusion sequences are inherently
extensible. It is just that the manner of sequence extension in Fusion is diferent
from both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" target="_top">STL</a>
and <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a> on account
of the lazy nature of fusion <a href="algorithm.html" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a>.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" target="_top">STL</a>
containers extend themselves in place though member functions such as <a href="algorithm/transformation/functions/push_back.html" title="push_back"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">push_back</span></tt></a> and <a href="algorithm/transformation/functions/insert.html" title="insert"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">insert</span></tt></a>. <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>
sequences, on the other hand, are extended through "intrinsic" functions
that actually return whole sequences. <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>
is purely functional and can not have side effects. For example, <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>'s
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">push_back</span></tt> does not actually
mutate an <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span></tt>. It can't do that. Instead, it returns
an extended <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span></tt>.
</p>
<p>
Like <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/mpl/index.html" target="_top">MPL</a>, Fusion
too is purely functional and can not have side effects. With runtime efficiency
in mind, Fusion sequences are extended through generic functions that return
<a href="view.html" title="View">Views</a>. <a href="view.html" title="View">Views</a>
are sequences that do not actually contain data, but instead impart an alternative
presentation over the data from one or more underlying sequences. <a href="view.html" title="View">Views</a>
are proxies. They provide an efficient yet purely functional way to work on
potentially expensive sequence operations. For example, given a <a href="container/vector.html" title="vector"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">vector</span></tt></a>, Fusion's <a href="algorithm/transformation/functions/push_back.html" title="push_back"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">push_back</span></tt></a> returns a <a href="view/joint_view.html" title="joint_view"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">joint_view</span></tt></a>, instead of an actual extended
<a href="container/vector.html" title="vector"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">vector</span></tt></a>.
A <a href="view/joint_view.html" title="joint_view"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">joint_view</span></tt></a>
holds a reference to the original sequence plus the appended data --making
it very cheap to pass around.
</p>
<a name="fusion.notes.element_conversion"></a><h3>
<a name="id683276"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.element_conversion">Element Conversion</a>
</h3>
<p>
Functions that take in elemental values to form sequences (e.g. <a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a>) convert their arguments
to something suitable to be stored as a sequence element. In general, the element
types are stored as plain values. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
returns a <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></tt>.
</p>
<p>
There are a few exceptions, however.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Arrays:</b></span>
</p>
<p>
Array arguments are deduced to reference to const types. For example
<sup>[<a name="id683435" href="#ftn.id683435">14</a>]</sup>
:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"Donald"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Daisy"</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
creates a <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a>
of type
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">(&amp;)[</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">],</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">(&amp;)[</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">]&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Function pointers:</b></span>
</p>
<p>
Function pointers are deduced to the plain non-reference type (i.e. to plain
function pointer). Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
creates a <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a>
of type
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)&gt;</span>
</pre>
<a name="fusion.notes.boost__ref"></a><h3>
<a name="id683870"></a>
<a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.boost__ref">boost::ref</a>
</h3>
<p>
Fusion's generation functions (e.g. <a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a>) by default stores the element
types as plain non-reference types. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
creates a <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a>
of type
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Sometimes the plain non-reference type is not desired. You can use <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ref</span></tt>
and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cref</span></tt> to store references or const references
(respectively) instead. The mechanism does not compromise const correctness
since a const object wrapped with ref results in a tuple element with const
reference type (see the fifth code line below). Examples:
</p>
<p>
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">A</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">B</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">A</span> <span class="identifier">ca</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">;</span>
<a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// creates list&lt;const A&amp;, B&gt;
</span><a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// creates list&lt;A&amp;, B&gt;
</span><a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">cref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// creates list&lt;A&amp;, const B&amp;&gt;
</span><a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ca</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// creates list&lt;const A&amp;&gt;
</span><a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">ca</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// creates list&lt;const A&amp;&gt;
</span></pre>
<p>
See <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/html/ref.html" target="_top">Boost.Ref</a> for
details.
</p>
<div class="footnotes">
<br><hr width="100" align="left">
<div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id683435" href="#id683435">14</a>] </sup>
Note that the type of a string literal is an array of const characters,
not <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*</span></tt>. To get <a href="container/generation/functions/make_list.html" title="make_list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make_list</span></tt></a> to create a <a href="container/list.html" title="list"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span></tt></a> with an element of a non-const
array type one must use the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ref</span></tt>
wrapper (see <a href="notes.html#fusion.notes.boost__ref"><tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ref</span></tt></a>).
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