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< h1 class = "title" > The Boost.Iterator Library < a class = "reference" href = "../../../index.htm" > < img alt = "Boost" src = "../../../boost.png" / > < / a > < / h1 >
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< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > Authors:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > David Abrahams, Jeremy Siek, Thomas Witt< / td >
< / tr >
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< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > Contact:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > < a class = "reference" href = "mailto:dave@boost-consulting.com" > dave@ boost-consulting.com< / a > , < a class = "reference" href = "mailto:jsiek@osl.iu.edu" > jsiek@ osl.iu.edu< / a > , < a class = "reference" href = "mailto:witt@styleadvisor.com" > witt@ styleadvisor.com< / a > < / td >
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< / tr >
< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > organizations:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > < a class = "reference" href = "http://www.boost-consulting.com" > Boost Consulting< / a > , Indiana University < a class = "reference" href = "http://www.osl.iu.edu" > Open Systems
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Lab< / a > , < a class = "reference" href = "http://www.styleadvisor.com" > Zephyr Associates, Inc.< / a > < / td >
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< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > date:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > $Date$< / td >
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< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > copyright:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > Copyright David Abrahams, Jeremy Siek, Thomas Witt 2003.< / td >
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< tr class = "field" > < th class = "field-name" > Abstract:< / th > < td class = "field-body" > The Boost Iterator Library contains two parts. The first
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is a system of < a class = "reference" href = "../../../more/generic_programming.html#concept" > concepts< / a > which extend the C++ standard
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iterator requirements. The second is a framework of
components for building iterators based on these
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extended concepts and includes several useful iterator
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adaptors. The extended iterator concepts have been
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carefully designed so that old-style iterators
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can fit in the new concepts and so that new-style
iterators will be compatible with old-style algorithms,
though algorithms may need to be updated if they want to
take full advantage of the new-style iterator
capabilities. Several components of this library have
been accepted into the C++ standard technical report.
The components of the Boost Iterator Library replace the
older Boost Iterator Adaptor Library.< / td >
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< / tr >
< / tbody >
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< div class = "contents topic" id = "table-of-contents" >
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< p class = "topic-title first" > < a name = "table-of-contents" > < strong > Table of Contents< / strong > < / a > < / p >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#new-style-iterators" id = "id22" name = "id22" > New-Style Iterators< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#iterator-facade-and-adaptor" id = "id23" name = "id23" > Iterator Facade and Adaptor< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#specialized-adaptors" id = "id24" name = "id24" > Specialized Adaptors< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#iterator-utilities" id = "id25" name = "id25" > Iterator Utilities< / a > < ul >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#traits" id = "id26" name = "id26" > Traits< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#testing-and-concept-checking" id = "id27" name = "id27" > Testing and Concept Checking< / a > < / li >
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< / ul >
< / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#upgrading-from-the-old-boost-iterator-adaptor-library" id = "id28" name = "id28" > Upgrading from the old Boost Iterator Adaptor Library< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "#history" id = "id29" name = "id29" > History< / a > < / li >
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< / ul >
< / div >
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< div class = "section" id = "new-style-iterators" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id22" name = "new-style-iterators" > New-Style Iterators< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > The iterator categories defined in C++98 are extremely limiting
because they bind together two orthogonal concepts: traversal and
element access. For example, because a random access iterator is
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required to return a reference (and not a proxy) when dereferenced,
it is impossible to capture the capabilities of
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< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > vector< bool> ::iterator< / span > < / tt > using the C++98 categories. This is the
infamous " < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > vector< bool> < / span > < / tt > is not a container, and its iterators
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aren't random access iterators" , debacle about which Herb Sutter
wrote two papers for the standards comittee (< a class = "reference" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/publications/N1185.pdf" > n1185< / a > and < a class = "reference" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/publications/N1211.pdf" > n1211< / a > ),
and a < a class = "reference" href = "http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/050.htm" > Guru of the Week< / a > . New-style iterators go well beyond
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patching up < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > vector< bool> < / span > < / tt > , though: there are lots of other
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iterators already in use which can't be adequately represented by
the existing concepts. For details about the new iterator
concepts, see our< / p >
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< blockquote >
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< a class = "reference" href = "new-iter-concepts.html" > Standard Proposal For New-Style Iterators< / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "new-iter-concepts.pdf" > PDF< / a > )< / blockquote >
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< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "iterator-facade-and-adaptor" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id23" name = "iterator-facade-and-adaptor" > Iterator Facade and Adaptor< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > Writing standard-conforming iterators is tricky, but the need comes
up often. In order to ease the implementation of new iterators,
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the Boost.Iterator library provides the < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_facade< / span > < / tt > class template,
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which implements many useful defaults and compile-time checks
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designed to help the iterator author ensure that his iterator is
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correct.< / p >
< p > It is also common to define a new iterator that is similar to some
underlying iterator or iterator-like type, but that modifies some
aspect of the underlying type's behavior. For that purpose, the
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library supplies the < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > class template, which is specially
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designed to take advantage of as much of the underlying type's
behavior as possible.< / p >
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< p > The documentation for these two classes can be found at the following
web pages:< / p >
< ul class = "simple" >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "iterator_facade.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_facade< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "iterator_facade.pdf" > PDF< / a > )< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "iterator_adaptor.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "iterator_adaptor.pdf" > PDF< / a > )< / li >
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< / ul >
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< p > Both < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_facade< / span > < / tt > and < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > as well as many of the < a class = "reference" href = "#specialized-adaptors" > specialized
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adaptors< / a > mentioned below have been proposed for standardization,
and accepted into the first C++ technical report; see our< / p >
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< blockquote >
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< a class = "reference" href = "facade-and-adaptor.html" > Standard Proposal For Iterator Facade and Adaptor< / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "facade-and-adaptor.pdf" > PDF< / a > )< / blockquote >
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< p > for more details.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "specialized-adaptors" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id24" name = "specialized-adaptors" > Specialized Adaptors< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > The iterator library supplies a useful suite of standard-conforming
iterator templates based on the Boost < a class = "reference" href = "#iterator-facade-and-adaptor" > iterator facade and adaptor< / a > .< / p >
< ul class = "simple" >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "counting_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > counting_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "counting_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over a sequence of consecutive values.
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Implements a " lazy sequence" < / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "filter_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > filter_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "filter_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over the subset of elements of some
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sequence which satisfy a given predicate< / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "function_output_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > function_output_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "function_output_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an output iterator wrapping a unary function
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object; each time an element is written into the dereferenced
iterator, it is passed as a parameter to the function object.< / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "indirect_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > indirect_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "indirect_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over the objects < em > pointed-to< / em > by the
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elements of some sequence.< / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "permutation_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > permutation_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "permutation_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over the elements of some random-access
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sequence, rearranged according to some sequence of integer indices.< / li >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "reverse_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > reverse_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "reverse_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator which traverses the elements of some
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bidirectional sequence in reverse. Corrects many of the
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shortcomings of C++98's < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > std::reverse_iterator< / span > < / tt > .< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "../../utility/shared_container_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > shared_container_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > : an iterator over elements of a container whose
lifetime is maintained by a < a class = "reference" href = "../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > shared_ptr< / span > < / tt > < / a > stored in the iterator.< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "transform_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transform_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "transform_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over elements which are the result of
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applying some functional transformation to the elements of an
underlying sequence. This component also replaces the old
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< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > projection_iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > .< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "zip_iterator.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > zip_iterator< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "zip_iterator.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): an iterator over tuples of the elements at corresponding
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positions of heterogeneous underlying iterators.< / li >
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< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "iterator-utilities" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id25" name = "iterator-utilities" > Iterator Utilities< / a > < / h1 >
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< div class = "section" id = "traits" >
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< h2 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id26" name = "traits" > Traits< / a > < / h2 >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "pointee.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > pointee.hpp< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "pointee.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): Provides the capability to deduce the referent types
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of pointers, smart pointers and iterators in generic code. Used
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in < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > indirect_iterator< / span > < / tt > .< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "iterator_traits.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_traits.hpp< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "iterator_traits.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): Provides < a class = "reference" href = "../../mpl/doc/index.html" > MPL< / a > -compatible metafunctions which
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retrieve an iterator's traits. Also corrects for the deficiencies
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of broken implementations of < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > std::iterator_traits< / span > < / tt > .< / li >
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< / ul >
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<!-- * |interoperable|_ (PDF__): Provides an MPL_\ - compatible metafunction for
testing iterator interoperability -->
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< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "testing-and-concept-checking" >
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< h2 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id27" name = "testing-and-concept-checking" > Testing and Concept Checking< / a > < / h2 >
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< ul class = "simple" >
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< li > < a class = "reference" href = "iterator_concepts.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_concepts.hpp< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "iterator_concepts.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): Concept checking classes for the new iterator concepts.< / li >
< li > < a class = "reference" href = "iterator_archetypes.html" > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_archetypes.hpp< / span > < / tt > < / a > (< a class = "reference" href = "iterator_archetypes.pdf" > PDF< / a > ): Concept archetype classes for the new iterators concepts.< / li >
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< / ul >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "upgrading-from-the-old-boost-iterator-adaptor-library" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id28" name = "upgrading-from-the-old-boost-iterator-adaptor-library" > Upgrading from the old Boost Iterator Adaptor Library< / a > < / h1 >
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< a class = "target" id = "upgrading" name = "upgrading" > < / a > < p > If you have been using the old Boost Iterator Adaptor library to
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implement iterators, you probably wrote a < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > Policies< / span > < / tt > class which
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captures the core operations of your iterator. In the new library
design, you'll move those same core operations into the body of the
iterator class itself. If you were writing a family of iterators,
you probably wrote a < a class = "reference" href = "../../../more/generic_programming.html#type_generator" > type generator< / a > to build the
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< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > specialization you needed; in the new library
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design you don't need a type generator (though may want to keep it
around as a compatibility aid for older code) because, due to the
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use of the Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP) < a class = "citation-reference" href = "#cop95" id = "id21" name = "id21" > [Cop95]< / a > ,
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you can now define the iterator class yourself and acquire
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functionality through inheritance from < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_facade< / span > < / tt > or
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > . As a result, you also get much finer control
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over how your iterator works: you can add additional constructors,
or even override the iterator functionality provided by the
library.< / p >
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< p > If you're looking for the old < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > projection_iterator< / span > < / tt > component,
its functionality has been merged into < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transform_iterator< / span > < / tt > : as
long as the function object's < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > result_type< / span > < / tt > (or the < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > Reference< / span > < / tt >
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template argument, if explicitly specified) is a true reference
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type, < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > transform_iterator< / span > < / tt > will behave like
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > projection_iterator< / span > < / tt > used to.< / p >
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< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "history" >
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< h1 > < a class = "toc-backref" href = "#id29" name = "history" > History< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > In 2000 Dave Abrahams was writing an iterator for a container of
pointers, which would access the pointed-to elements when
dereferenced. Naturally, being a library writer, he decided to
generalize the idea and the Boost Iterator Adaptor library was born.
Dave was inspired by some writings of Andrei Alexandrescu and chose a
policy based design (though he probably didn't capture Andrei's idea
very well - there was only one policy class for all the iterator's
orthogonal properties). Soon Jeremy Siek realized he would need the
library and they worked together to produce a " Boostified" version,
which was reviewed and accepted into the library. They wrote a paper
and made several important revisions of the code.< / p >
< p > Eventually, several shortcomings of the older library began to make
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the need for a rewrite apparent. Dave and Jeremy started working
at the Santa Cruz C++ committee meeting in 2002, and had quickly
generated a working prototype. At the urging of Mat Marcus, they
decided to use the GenVoca/CRTP pattern approach, and moved the
policies into the iterator class itself. Thomas Witt expressed
interest and became the voice of strict compile-time checking for
the project, adding uses of the SFINAE technique to eliminate false
converting constructors and operators from the overload set. He
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also recognized the need for a separate < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_facade< / span > < / tt > , and
factored it out of < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > iterator_adaptor< / span > < / tt > . Finally, after a
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near-complete rewrite of the prototype, they came up with the
library you see today.< / p >
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< table class = "docutils citation" frame = "void" id = "cop95" rules = "none" >
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< colgroup > < col class = "label" / > < col / > < / colgroup >
< tbody valign = "top" >
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< tr > < td class = "label" > < a class = "fn-backref" href = "#id21" name = "cop95" > [Cop95]< / a > < / td > < td > [Coplien, 1995] Coplien, J., Curiously Recurring Template
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Patterns, C++ Report, February 1995, pp. 24-27.< / td > < / tr >
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