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<div class="section" title="General Requirements">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_general_requirements"></a><a class="link" href="adaptors_general_requirements.html" title="General Requirements">
General Requirements</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
In the description of generator expressions, the following notation is
used:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fwdRng</span></code> is an expression
of a type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">R</span></code> that models
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ForwardRange</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">biRng</span></code> is an expression
of a type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">R</span></code> that models
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BidirectionalRange</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rndRng</span></code> is an expression
of a type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">R</span></code> that models
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">RandomAccessRange</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pred</span></code> is an expression
of a type that models <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">UnaryPredicate</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bi_pred</span></code> is an expression
of a type that models <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BinaryPredicate</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fun</span></code> is an expression
of a type that models <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">UnaryFunction</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">value</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">new_value</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">old_value</span></code>
are objects convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">range_value</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">m</span></code> are integer expressions convertible
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Also note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">range_value</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code> must be implicitly convertible to
the type arguments to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pred</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bi_pred</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fun</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Range Category in the following adaptor descriptions refers to the minimum
range concept required by the range passed to the adaptor. The resultant
range is a model of the same range concept as the input range unless specified
otherwise.
</p>
<p>
Returned Range Category is the concept of the returned range. In some cases
the returned range is of a lesser category than the range passed to the
adaptor. For example, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">filtered</span></code>
adaptor returns only a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ForwardRange</span></code>
regardless of the input.
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, the following rules apply to any expression of the form
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptor_generator</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
1. Applying <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>
to a range <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">R</span></code> (always left
argument) and a range adapter <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">RA</span></code>
(always right argument) yields a new range type which may not conform to
the same range concept as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">R</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
2. The return-type of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code> is otherwise unspecified.
</p>
<p>
3. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>
is found by Argument Dependent Lookup (ADL) because a range adaptor is
implemented in namespace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
4. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>
is used to add new behaviour <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>lazily</strong></span></em></span>
and never modifies its left argument.
</p>
<p>
5. All iterators extracted from the left argument are extracted using qualified
calls to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
6. In addition to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">throw</span></code>-clauses
below, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>
may throw exceptions as a result of copying iterators. If such copying
cannot throw an exception, then neither can the whole expression.
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" title="Introduction and motivation">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction"></a><a class="link" href="adaptors_introduction.html" title="Introduction and motivation"> Introduction
and motivation</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
A <span class="bold"><strong>Range Adaptor</strong></span> is a class that wraps
an existing Range to provide a new Range with different behaviour. Since
the behaviour of Ranges is determined by their associated iterators, a
Range Adaptor simply wraps the underlying iterators with new special iterators.
In this example
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">algorithm</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
the iterators from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">vec</span></code>
are wrapped <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reverse_iterator</span></code>s.
The type of the underlying Range Adapter is not documented because you
do not need to know it. All that is relevant is that the expression
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">vec</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
returns a Range Adaptor where the iterator type is now the iterator type
of the range <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">vec</span></code> wrapped
in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reverse_iterator</span></code>. The
expression <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span></code> is called an <span class="bold"><strong>Adaptor
Generator</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
There are two ways of constructing a range adaptor. The first is by using
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>.
This is my preferred technique, however while discussing range adaptors
with others it became clear that some users of the library strongly prefer
a more familiar function syntax, so equivalent functions of the present
tense form have been added as an alternative syntax. The equivalent to
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span>
<span class="identifier">reversed</span></code> is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reverse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">)</span></code> for example.
</p>
<p>
Why do I prefer the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|</span></code> syntax? The answer is readability:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reverse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">),</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
This might not look so bad, but when we apply several adaptors, it becomes
much worse. Just compare
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">unique</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reverse</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">),</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
to
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span>
<span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uniqued</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Furthermore, some of the adaptor generators take arguments themselves and
these arguments are expressed with function call notation too. In those
situations, you will really appreciate the succinctness of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">|()</span></code>.
</p>
<a name="range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.composition_of_adaptors"></a><h6>
<a name="id3057363"></a>
<a class="link" href="adaptors_introduction.html#range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.composition_of_adaptors">Composition
of Adaptors</a>
</h6>
<p>
Range Adaptors are a powerful complement to Range algorithms. The reason
is that adaptors are <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>orthogonal</strong></span></em></span>
to algorithms. For example, consider these Range algorithms:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">out</span> <span class="special">)</span></code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">count</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pred</span> <span class="special">)</span></code></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
What should we do if we only want to copy an element <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
if it satisfies some predicate, say <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span></code>?
And what if we only want to count the elements that satisfy the same predicate?
The naive answer would be to use these algorithms:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy_if</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">out</span> <span class="special">)</span></code></li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">count_if</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">pred</span> <span class="special">)</span></code></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These algorithms are only defined to maintain a one to one relationship
with the standard library algorithms. This approach of adding algorithm
suffers a combinatorial explosion. Inevitably many algorithms are missing
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_if</span></code> variants and there
is redundant development overhead for each new algorithm. The Adaptor Generator
is the design solution to this problem.
</p>
<a name="range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.range_adaptor_alternative_to_copy_if_algorithm"></a><h6>
<a name="id3057673"></a>
<a class="link" href="adaptors_introduction.html#range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.range_adaptor_alternative_to_copy_if_algorithm">Range
Adaptor alternative to copy_if algorithm</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy_if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">out</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
can be expressed as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filtered</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">out</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.range_adaptor_alternative_to_count_if_algorithm"></a><h6>
<a name="id3057842"></a>
<a class="link" href="adaptors_introduction.html#range.reference.adaptors.adaptors_introduction.range_adaptor_alternative_to_count_if_algorithm">Range
Adaptor alternative to count_if algorithm</a>
</h6>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">count_if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pred</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
can be expressed as
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">count</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filtered</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">out</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
What this means is that <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>no</strong></span></em></span>
algorithm with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_if</span></code>
suffix is needed. Furthermore, it turns out that algorithms with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_copy</span></code> suffix are not needed either. Consider
the somewhat misdesigned <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">replace_copy_if</span><span class="special">()</span></code> which may be used as
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">replace_copy_if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">pred</span> <span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
With adaptors and algorithms we can express this as
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">replaced_if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">new_value</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
The latter code has several benefits:
</p>
<p>
1. it is more <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>efficient</strong></span></em></span>
because we avoid extra allocations as might happen with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span></code>
</p>
<p>
2. it is <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>flexible</strong></span></em></span>
as we can subsequently apply even more adaptors, for example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">replaced_if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">new_value</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
3. it is <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>safer</strong></span></em></span> because
there is no use of an unbounded output iterator.
</p>
<p>
In this manner, the <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>composition</strong></span></em></span>
of Range Adaptors has the following consequences:
</p>
<p>
1. we no longer need <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_if</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_copy</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_copy_if</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_n</span></code> variants of algorithms.
</p>
<p>
2. we can generate a multitude of new algorithms on the fly, for example,
above we generated <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">reverse_replace_copy_if</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
</p>
<p>
In other words:
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Range Adaptors are to algorithms what algorithms
are to containers</strong></span>
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
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<p>
The library provides the following Adapter Generator expressions:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adjacent_filtered</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">bi_pred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copied</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filtered</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">indexed</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">indirected</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">map_keys</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">map_values</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">replaced</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">new_value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">old_value</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">replaced_if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pred</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">new_value</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reversed</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sliced</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">strided</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">tokenized</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">see</span> <span class="identifier">arguments</span> <span class="identifier">below</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">transformed</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">fun</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">rng</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">adaptors</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uniqued</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
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</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Three types of objects are currently supported by the library:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
standard-like containers
</li>
<li class="listitem"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code></li>
<li class="listitem">
built-in arrays
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</ul></div>
<p>
Even though the behavior of the primary templates are exactly such that
standard containers will be supported by default, the requirements are
much lower than the standard container requirements. For example, the utility
class <a class="link" href="../utilities/iterator_range.html" title="Class iterator_range"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span></code></a> implements the
<a class="link" href="../extending.html" title="Extending the library">minimal interface</a> required
to make the class a <a class="link" href="../../concepts/forward_range.html" title="Forward Range">Forward
Range</a>.
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<p>
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more details.
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<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.prototype"></a><h6>
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<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Incrementable</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">counting_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Incrementable</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">counting_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Incrementable</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Incrementable</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">counting_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">counting_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">counting_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">counting_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">SinglePassRange</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">rng</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.description"></a><h6>
<a name="id3262589"></a>
<a class="link" href="counting_range.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.description">Description</a>
</h6>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">counting_range</span></code> is a function
to generator that generates an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span></code>
wrapping a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">counting_iterator</span></code>
(from Boost.Iterator).
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.definition"></a><h6>
<a name="id3262649"></a>
<a class="link" href="counting_range.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.definition">Definition</a>
</h6>
<p>
Defined in header file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">counting_range</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.requirements"></a><h6>
<a name="id3262714"></a>
<a class="link" href="counting_range.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.counting_range.requirements">Requirements</a>
</h6>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Incrementable</span></code> is a
model of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Incrementable</span></code>
Concept.
</li></ol></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.prototype"></a><h6>
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<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Integer</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">integer_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">range_detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Integer</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">irange</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Integer</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Integer</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Integer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">StepSize</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">integer_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">range_detail</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer_iterator_with_step</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Integer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">StepSize</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">irange</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Integer</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Integer</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">StepSize</span> <span class="identifier">step_size</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.description"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263454"></a>
<a class="link" href="irange.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.description">Description</a>
</h6>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">irange</span></code> is a function
to generate an Integer Range.
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">irange</span></code> allows treating
integers as a model of the <a class="link" href="../../../concepts/random_access_range.html" title="Random Access Range">Random
Access Range</a> Concept. It should be noted that the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">first</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">last</span></code>
parameters denoted a half-open range.
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.definition"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263535"></a>
<a class="link" href="irange.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.definition">Definition</a>
</h6>
<p>
Defined in the header file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">irange</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.requirements"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263598"></a>
<a class="link" href="irange.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.requirements">Requirements</a>
</h6>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Integer</span></code> is a model
of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Integer</span></code> Concept.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">StepSize</span></code> is a model
of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">SignedInteger</span></code>
Concept.
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.complexity"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263679"></a>
<a class="link" href="irange.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.irange.complexity">Complexity</a>
</h6>
<p>
Constant. Since this function generates a new range the most significant
performance cost is incurred through the iteration of the generated range.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Elem</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Elem</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">istream_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_istream</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Elem</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Traits</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">in</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.istream_range.description"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263008"></a>
<a class="link" href="istream_range.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.istream_range.description">Description</a>
</h6>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">istream_range</span></code> is a function
to generator that generates an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span></code>
wrapping a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">istream_iterator</span></code>.
</p>
<a name="range.reference.ranges.reference.istream_range.definition"></a><h6>
<a name="id3263077"></a>
<a class="link" href="istream_range.html#range.reference.ranges.reference.istream_range.definition">Definition</a>
</h6>
<p>
Defined in header file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">istream_range</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" title="Functions">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="range.reference.semantics.functions"></a><a class="link" href="functions.html" title="Functions">Functions</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Returns
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Complexity
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">first</span></code> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code>
is of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code>
if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> is an array
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
if that expression would invoke a function found by ADL <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
otherwise
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">second</span></code> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p</span></code>
is of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span>
<span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">sz</span></code>
if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">a</span></code> is an array
of size <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">sz</span></code> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
if that expression would invoke a function found by ADL <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">t</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
otherwise
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">bool</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">),</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
-
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">rend</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_rend</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">rend</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
constant time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">as_literal</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">U</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Char</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span></code> is a pointer
to a string and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">U</span></code>
is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
otherwise
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">s</span>
<span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">char_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">))</span></code> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">s</span></code>
is a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Char</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
or an array of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Char</span></code>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">),</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code> otherwise
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
linear time for pointers to a string or arrays of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Char</span></code>, constant time otherwise
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">as_array</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">),</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">))</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<p>
The special <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_</span></code>-named
functions are useful when you want to document clearly that your code is
read-only.
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">as_literal</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
can be used <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>internally</strong></span></em></span>
in string algorithm libraries such that arrays of characters are handled
correctly.
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">as_array</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
can be used with string algorithm libraries to make it clear that arrays
of characters are handled like an array and not like a string.
</p>
<p>
Notice that the above functions should always be called with qualification
(<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span></code>)
to prevent <span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>unintended</strong></span></em></span>
Argument Dependent Lookup (ADL).
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" title="Metafunctions">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="range.reference.semantics.metafunctions"></a><a class="link" href="metafunctions.html" title="Metafunctions">Metafunctions</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Expression
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Return type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Complexity
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="table-programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span>
<span class="identifier">P</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">first_type</span>
<span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
</p>
<pre xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="table-programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span>
<span class="identifier">P</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">first_type</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_value</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_value</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_pointer</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_pointer</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_category</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_category</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_category</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
compile time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2003 -2010 Thorsten Ottosen, Neil Groves<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="range.reference.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="synopsis.html" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Single Pass Range metafunctions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_value</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_reference</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_pointer</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_category</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Forward Range metafunctions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Bidirectional Range metafunctions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Single Pass Range functions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span>
<span class="identifier">empty</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Forward Range functions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">distance</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Bidirectional Range functions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">rend</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">rend</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Random Access Range functions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_difference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// Special const Range functions
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">const_begin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">const_end</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">const_rbegin</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_reverse_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span>
<span class="identifier">const_rend</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">//
</span> <span class="comment">// String utilities
</span> <span class="comment">//
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">see</span> <span class="identifier">below</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">as_literal</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">see</span> <span class="identifier">below</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">as_literal</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">as_array</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">range_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">as_array</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">r</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace 'boost'
</span></pre>
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