2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<title>shared_ptr</title>
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<h1><img src="../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center" width="277" height="86">Class
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<a name="shared_ptr">shared_ptr</a></h1>
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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<p><a href="#Introduction">Introduction<br>
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Synopsis</a><br>
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<a href="#Members">Members</a><br>
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<a href="#shared_ptr_example">Example</a><br>
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<a href="#Handle/Body">Handle/Body Idiom</a><br>
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<a href="smarttests.htm">Frequently Asked Questions<br>
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Smart Pointer Timings</a></p>
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<h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<p>Class <strong>shared_ptr</strong> stores a pointer to a dynamically allocated
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object. (Dynamically allocated objects are allocated with the C++ <tt>new</tt>
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expression.) The object pointed to is guaranteed to be deleted when
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the last <strong>shared_ptr</strong> pointing to it is deleted or reset.
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See <a href="#shared_ptr_example">example</a>.</p>
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<p>Class<strong> shared_ptr</strong> meets the <strong>CopyConstuctible</strong>
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and <strong>Assignable</strong> requirements of the C++ Standard Library, and so
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can be used in C++ Standard Library containers. A specialization of std::
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less< > for boost::shared_ptr<Y> is supplied so that <strong>
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shared_ptr</strong> works by default for Standard Library's Associative
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Container Compare template parameter. For compilers not supporting partial
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specialization, the user must explicitly pass the less<> functor.</p>
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<p>Class<strong> shared_ptr</strong> cannot correctly hold a pointer to a
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dynamically allocated array. See <a href="shared_array.htm"><strong>shared_array</strong></a>
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for that usage.</p>
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<p>Class<strong> shared_ptr</strong> will not work correctly with cyclic data
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structures. For example, if main() holds a shared_ptr to object A, which
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directly or indirectly holds a shared_ptr back to object A, then object A's
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use_count() will be 2, and destruction of the main() shared_ptr will leave
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object A dangling with a use_count() of 1.</p>
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<p>The class is a template parameterized on <tt>T</tt>, the type of the object
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pointed to. <tt>T</tt> must meet the smart pointer <a href="smart_ptr.htm#Common requirements">Common
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requirements</a>.</p>
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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<h2>Class shared_ptr <a name="Synopsis"> Synopsis</a></h2>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<pre>#include <<a href="../../boost/smart_ptr.hpp">boost/smart_ptr.hpp</a>>
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namespace boost {
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template<typename T> class shared_ptr {
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public:
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typedef T <a href="#shared_ptr_element_type">element_type</a>;
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explicit <a href="#shared_ptr_ctor">shared_ptr</a>( T* p=0 );
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<strong> </strong><a href="#shared_ptr_~shared_ptr">~shared_ptr</a>();
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<a href="#shared_ptr_ctor">shared_ptr</a>( const shared_ptr& );
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template<typename Y>
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<a href="#shared_ptr_ctor">shared_ptr</a>(const shared_ptr<Y>& r); // never throws
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template<typename Y>
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<a href="#shared_ptr_ctor">shared_ptr</a>(std::auto_ptr<Y>& r);
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shared_ptr& <a href="#shared_ptr_operator=">operator=</a>( const shared_ptr& ); // never throws
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr& <a href="#shared_ptr_operator=">operator=</a>(const shared_ptr<Y>& r); // never throws
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr& <a href="#shared_ptr_operator=">operator=</a>(std::auto_ptr<Y>& r);
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void <a href="#shared_ptr_reset">reset</a>( T* p=0 );
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T& <a href="#shared_ptr_operator*">operator*</a>() const; // never throws
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T* <a href="#shared_ptr_operator->">operator-></a>() const; // never throws
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T* <a href="#shared_ptr_get">get</a>() const; // never throws
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long <a href="#shared_ptr_use_count">use_count</a>() const; // never throws
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bool <a href="#shared_ptr_unique">unique</a>() const; // never throws
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void <a href="#shared_ptr_swap">swap</a>( shared_ptr<T>& other ) throw()
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};
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template<typename T, typename U>
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inline bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b)
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{ return a.get() == b.get(); }
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template<typename T, typename U>
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inline bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b)
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{ return a.get() != b.get(); }
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}</pre>
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<pre>namespace std {
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template<typename T>
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inline void swap(boost::shared_ptr<T>& a, boost::shared_ptr<T>& b)
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{ a.swap(b); }
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template<typename T>
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struct less< boost::shared_ptr<T> >
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: binary_function<boost::shared_ptr<T>, boost::shared_ptr<T>, bool>
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{
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bool operator()(const boost::shared_ptr<T>& a,
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const boost::shared_ptr<T>& b) const
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{ return less<T*>()(a.get(),b.get()); }
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};
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} // namespace std </pre>
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<p>Specialization of std::swap uses the fast, non-throwing swap that's provided
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as a member function instead of using the default algorithm which creates a
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temporary and uses assignment.<br>
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<br>
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Specialization of std::less allows use of shared pointers as keys in C++
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Standard Library associative collections.<br>
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<br>
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The std::less specializations use std::less<T*> to perform the
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comparison. This insures that pointers are handled correctly, since the
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standard mandates that relational operations on pointers are unspecified (5.9 [expr.rel]
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paragraph 2) but std::less<> on pointers is well-defined (20.3.3 [lib.comparisons]
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paragraph 8).<br>
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<br>
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It's still a controversial question whether supplying only std::less is better
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than supplying a full range of comparison operators (<, >, <=, >=).</p>
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<p>The current implementation does not supply the specializations if the macro
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name BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION is defined.</p>
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<p>The current implementation does not supply the member template functions if
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the macro name BOOST_NO_MEMBER_TEMPLATES is defined.</p>
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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<h2>Class shared_ptr <a name="Members"> Members</a></h2>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_element_type">element_type</a></h3>
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<pre>typedef T element_type;</pre>
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<p>Provides the type of the stored pointer.</p>
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<h3><a name="shared_ptr_ctor">shared_ptr constructors</a></h3>
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<pre>explicit shared_ptr( T* p=0 );</pre>
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<p>Constructs a <strong>shared_ptr</strong>, storing a copy of <tt>p</tt>, which
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must have been allocated via a C++ <tt>new</tt> expression or be 0. Afterwards, <strong>use_count()</strong>
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is 1 (even if p==0; see <a href="#shared_ptr_~shared_ptr">~shared_ptr</a>).</p>
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<p>The only exception which may be thrown by this constructor is <tt>std::bad_alloc</tt>.
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If an exception is thrown, <tt>delete p</tt> is called.</p>
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<pre>shared_ptr( const shared_ptr& r); // never throws
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r); // never throws
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr(std::auto_ptr<Y>& r);</pre>
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<p>Constructs a <strong>shared_ptr</strong>, as if by storing a copy of the
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pointer stored in <strong>r</strong>. Afterwards, <strong>use_count()</strong>
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for all copies is 1 more than the initial <strong>r.use_count()</strong>, or 1
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in the <strong>auto_ptr</strong> case. In the <strong>auto_ptr</strong> case, <strong>r.release()</strong>
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is called.</p>
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<p>The only exception which may be thrown by the constructor from <strong>auto_ptr</strong>
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is <tt>std::bad_alloc</tt>. If an exception is thrown, that
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constructor has no effect.</p>
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<h3><a name="shared_ptr_~shared_ptr">shared_ptr destructor</a></h3>
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<pre>~shared_ptr();</pre>
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<p>If <strong>use_count()</strong> == 1, deletes the object pointed to by the
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stored pointer. Otherwise, <strong>use_count()</strong> for any remaining
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copies is decremented by 1. Note that in C++ <tt>delete</tt> on a pointer
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with a value of 0 is harmless.</p>
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<p>Does not throw exceptions.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_operator=">operator=</a></h3>
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<pre>shared_ptr& operator=( const shared_ptr& r);
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r);
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template<typename Y>
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shared_ptr& operator=(std::auto_ptr<Y>& r);</pre>
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<p>First, if <strong>use_count()</strong> == 1, deletes the object pointed to by
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the stored pointer. Otherwise, <strong>use_count()</strong> for any
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remaining copies is decremented by 1. Note that in C++ <tt>delete</tt> on
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a pointer with a value of 0 is harmless.</p>
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<p>Then replaces the contents of <strong>this</strong>, as if by storing a copy
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of the pointer stored in <strong>r</strong>. Afterwards, <strong>use_count()</strong>
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for all copies is 1 more than the initial <strong>r.use_count()</strong>, or 1
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in the <strong>auto_ptr</strong> case. In the <strong>auto_ptr</strong> case, <strong>r.release()</strong>
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is called.</p>
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<p>The first two forms of <tt>operator=</tt> above do not throw exceptions.</p>
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<p>The only exception which may be thrown by the <strong>auto_ptr</strong> form
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is <tt>std::bad_alloc</tt>. If an exception is thrown, the function
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has no effect.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_reset">reset</a></h3>
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<pre>void reset( T* p=0 );</pre>
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<p>First, if <strong>use_count()</strong> == 1, deletes the object pointed to by
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the stored pointer. Otherwise, <strong>use_count()</strong> for any
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remaining copies is decremented by 1. </p>
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<p>Then replaces the contents of <strong>this</strong>, as if by storing a copy
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of <strong>p</strong>, which must have been allocated via a C++ <tt>new</tt>
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expression or be 0. Afterwards, <strong>use_count()</strong> is 1 (even if p==0;
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see <a href="#shared_ptr_~shared_ptr">~shared_ptr</a>). Note that in C++ <tt>delete</tt>
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on a pointer with a value of 0 is harmless.</p>
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<p>The only exception which may be thrown is <tt>std::bad_alloc</tt>. If
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an exception is thrown, <tt>delete p</tt> is called.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_operator*">operator*</a></h3>
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<pre>T& operator*() const; // never throws</pre>
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<p>Returns a reference to the object pointed to by the stored pointer.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_operator->">operator-></a> and <a name="shared_ptr_get">get</a></h3>
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<pre>T* operator->() const; // never throws
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T* get() const; // never throws</pre>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<p><b>T</b> is not required by get() to be a complete type . See <a href="smart_ptr.htm#Common requirements">Common Requirements</a>.</p>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<p>Both return the stored pointer.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr<a name="shared_ptr_use_count"> use_count</a></h3>
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<p><tt>long use_count() const; // never throws</tt></p>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<p><b>T</b> is not required be a complete type.
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2001-05-22 18:58:21 +00:00
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See <a href="smart_ptr.htm#Common requirements">Common Requirements</a>.</p>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<p>Returns the number of <strong>shared_ptrs</strong> sharing ownership of the
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stored pointer.</p>
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<h3>shared_ptr <a name="shared_ptr_unique">unique</a></h3>
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<p><tt>bool unique() const; // never throws</tt></p>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<p><b>T</b> is not required be a complete type.
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2001-05-22 18:58:21 +00:00
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See <a href="smart_ptr.htm#Common requirements">Common Requirements</a>.</p>
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<p>Returns <strong>use_count()</strong> == 1.</p>
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<h3><a name="shared_ptr_swap">shared_ptr swap</a></h3>
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<p><code>void swap( shared_ptr<T>& other ) throw()</code></p>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<p><b>T</b> is not required be a complete type.
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2001-05-22 18:58:21 +00:00
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See <a href="smart_ptr.htm#Common requirements">Common Requirements</a>.</p>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<p>Swaps the two smart pointers, as if by std::swap.</p>
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<h2>Class <a name="shared_ptr_example">shared_ptr example</a></h2>
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2001-05-21 14:58:07 +00:00
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<p>See <a href="shared_ptr_example.cpp"> shared_ptr_example.cpp</a> for a complete example program.</p>
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<p>This program builds a std::vector and std::set of FooPtr's.</p>
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<p>Note that after the two containers have been populated, some of the FooPtr objects
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will have use_count()==1 rather than use_count()==2, since foo_set is a std::set
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2001-05-22 18:58:21 +00:00
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rather than a std::multiset, and thus does not contain duplicate entries. Furthermore, use_count() may be even higher
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2001-05-21 14:58:07 +00:00
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at various times while push_back() and insert() container operations are performed.
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2001-02-09 14:39:43 +00:00
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More complicated yet, the container operations may throw exceptions under a
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variety of circumstances. Without using a smart pointer, memory and
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exception management would be a nightmare.</p>
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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<h2><a name="Handle/Body">Handle/Body</a> Idiom</h2>
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<p>One common usage of <b>shared_ptr</b> is to implement a handle/body (also
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called pimpl) idiom which avoids exposing the body (implementation) in the header
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file.</p>
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<p>The <a href="shared_ptr_example2_test.cpp">shared_ptr_example2_test.cpp</a>
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sample program includes a header file, <a href="shared_ptr_example2.hpp">shared_ptr_example2.hpp</a>,
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which uses a <b>shared_ptr<></b> to an incomplete type to hide the
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implementation. The
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instantiation of member functions which require a complete type occurs in the <a href="shared_ptr_example2.cpp">shared_ptr_example2.cpp</a>
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implementation file.</p>
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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<h2><a name="FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</a></h2>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why doesn't <b>shared_ptr</b> have template parameters supplying
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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traits or policies to allow extensive user customization?<br>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<b>A.</b> Parameterization discourages users. <b>Shared_ptr</b> is
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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carefully crafted to meet common needs without extensive parameterization.
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Someday a highly configurable smart pointer may be invented that is also very
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easy to use and very hard to misuse. Until then, <b>shared_ptr</b> is the
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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smart pointer of choice for a wide range of applications. (Those
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interested in policy based smart pointers should read <a href="http://cseng.aw.com/book/0,,0201704315,00.html">Modern
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C++ Design</a> by Andrei Alexandrescu.)</p>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why doesn't <b>shared_ptr</b> use a linked list implementation?<br>
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<b>A.</b> A linked list implementation does not offer enough advantages to
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2001-07-12 19:51:53 +00:00
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offset the added cost of an extra pointer. See <a href="smarttests.htm">timings</a>
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page.</p>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why don't <b>shared_ptr</b> (and the other Boost smart pointers)
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2001-05-24 18:42:25 +00:00
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supply an automatic conversion to <b>T*</b>?<br>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<b>A.</b> Automatic conversion is believed to be too error prone.</p>
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why does <b>shared_ptr</b> supply use_count()?<br>
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<b>A.</b> As an aid to writing test cases and debugging displays. One of the
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progenitors had use_count(), and it was useful in tracking down bugs in a
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complex project that turned out to have cyclic-dependencies.</p>
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2001-07-13 16:32:34 +00:00
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why doesn't <b>shared_ptr</b> specify complexity requirements?<br>
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<b>A.</b> Because complexity limit implementors and complicate the specification without apparent benefit to
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<b>shared_ptr</b> users. For example, error-checking implementations might become non-conforming if they
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had to meet stringent complexity requirements.</p>
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<p><b>Q.</b> Why doesn't <b>shared_ptr</b> provide (your pet feature here)?<br>
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<b>A.</b> Because (your pet feature here) would mandate a reference counted (or a link-list, or ...) implementation. This is not the intent.
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[Provided by Peter Dimov]<br>
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</p>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<hr>
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2001-07-13 14:07:08 +00:00
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<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->13 July, 2001<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="21067" -->
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2001-02-10 12:47:02 +00:00
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</p>
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2000-07-27 14:27:00 +00:00
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<p><EFBFBD> Copyright Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes 1999. Permission to copy, use,
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modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
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notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is"
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without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
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any purpose.</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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