diff --git a/include/boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp b/include/boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp
index 3eaa731e..aa699844 100644
--- a/include/boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/unordered/concurrent_flat_map.hpp
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ namespace boost {
       void insert(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end)
       {
         for (auto pos = begin; pos != end; ++pos) {
-          table_.insert(*pos);
+          table_.emplace(*pos);
         }
       }
 
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ namespace boost {
       {
         BOOST_UNORDERED_STATIC_ASSERT_INVOCABLE(F)
         for (; first != last; ++first) {
-          table_.insert_or_visit(*first, f);
+          table_.emplace_or_visit(*first, f);
         }
       }
 
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ namespace boost {
       {
         BOOST_UNORDERED_STATIC_ASSERT_CONST_INVOCABLE(F)
         for (; first != last; ++first) {
-          table_.insert_or_cvisit(*first, f);
+          table_.emplace_or_cvisit(*first, f);
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/test/cfoa/assign_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/assign_tests.cpp
index a023cb54..aa17e0ac 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/assign_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/assign_tests.cpp
@@ -157,7 +157,10 @@ namespace {
       thread_runner(values, [&x, &values](boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size());
+        map_type y(values.size());
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(x.empty());
         BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
@@ -183,8 +186,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
 
@@ -218,8 +223,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_size = x.size();
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
@@ -227,7 +234,10 @@ namespace {
       thread_runner(values, [&x, &values](boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size());
+        map_type y(values.size());
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(!x.empty());
         BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
@@ -251,8 +261,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
 
@@ -288,8 +300,11 @@ namespace {
 
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      pocca_map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), pocca_allocator_type(3));
+      pocca_map_type x(
+        values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), pocca_allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_size = x.size();
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
@@ -297,7 +312,10 @@ namespace {
       thread_runner(values, [&x, &values](boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        pocca_map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size());
+        pocca_map_type y(values.size());
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(!x.empty());
         BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
@@ -410,8 +428,10 @@ namespace {
         values, [&x, &values, &num_transfers](boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
           (void)s;
 
-          map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(2),
-            key_equal(1), allocator_type(3));
+          map_type y(values.size(), hasher(2), key_equal(1), allocator_type(3));
+          for (auto const& v : values) {
+            y.insert(v);
+          }
 
           BOOST_TEST(x.empty());
           BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
@@ -447,8 +467,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
       auto const old_mc = +raii::move_constructor;
@@ -496,8 +518,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_size = x.size();
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
@@ -509,8 +533,10 @@ namespace {
                               boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(2),
-          key_equal(1), allocator_type(3));
+        map_type y(values.size(), hasher(2), key_equal(1), allocator_type(3));
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
         BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == y.get_allocator());
@@ -549,8 +575,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_size = x.size();
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
@@ -562,8 +590,10 @@ namespace {
                               boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(2),
-          key_equal(1), allocator_type(13));
+        map_type y(values.size(), hasher(2), key_equal(1), allocator_type(13));
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(
           !boost::allocator_is_always_equal<allocator_type>::type::value);
@@ -608,8 +638,11 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      pocma_map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), pocma_allocator_type(3));
+      pocma_map_type x(
+        values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), pocma_allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_size = x.size();
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
@@ -621,8 +654,11 @@ namespace {
                               boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
         (void)s;
 
-        pocma_map_type y(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(2),
-          key_equal(1), pocma_allocator_type(13));
+        pocma_map_type y(
+          values.size(), hasher(2), key_equal(1), pocma_allocator_type(13));
+        for (auto const& v : values) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
 
         BOOST_TEST(!y.empty());
         BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() != y.get_allocator());
@@ -661,8 +697,10 @@ namespace {
     {
       raii::reset_counts();
 
-      map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
-        key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      map_type x(values.size(), hasher(1), key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       auto const old_cc = +raii::copy_constructor;
       auto const old_mc = +raii::move_constructor;
diff --git a/test/cfoa/clear_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/clear_tests.cpp
index c72b8155..79240db3 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/clear_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/clear_tests.cpp
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ namespace {
     map_type x(values.begin(), values.end(), values.size(), hasher(1),
       key_equal(2), allocator_type(3));
 
-    BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * x.size());
-    BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::destructor, 0u);
+    auto const old_size = x.size();
+    auto const old_d = +raii::destructor;
 
     thread_runner(values, [&x](boost::span<map_value_type> s) {
       (void)s;
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ namespace {
     });
 
     BOOST_TEST(x.empty());
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::destructor, old_d + 2 * old_size);
 
     check_raii_counts();
   }
diff --git a/test/cfoa/constructor_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/constructor_tests.cpp
index 1256fa7e..f6e0e069 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/constructor_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/constructor_tests.cpp
@@ -605,6 +605,7 @@ namespace {
   }
 
   UNORDERED_AUTO_TEST (initializer_list_with_all_params) {
+    // hard-code 11 unique values
     std::initializer_list<map_value_type> ilist{
       map_value_type{raii{0}, raii{0}},
       map_value_type{raii{1}, raii{1}},
@@ -640,7 +641,9 @@ namespace {
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(x.key_eq(), key_equal(2));
       BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == allocator_type(3));
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * ilist.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 2 * 11u);
     }
     check_raii_counts();
 
@@ -654,7 +657,9 @@ namespace {
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(x.key_eq(), key_equal());
       BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == allocator_type(3));
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * ilist.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 2 * 11u);
     }
     check_raii_counts();
 
@@ -668,7 +673,9 @@ namespace {
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(x.key_eq(), key_equal());
       BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == allocator_type(3));
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * ilist.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 2 * 11u);
     }
     check_raii_counts();
 
@@ -682,7 +689,9 @@ namespace {
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(x.key_eq(), key_equal());
       BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == allocator_type(3));
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * ilist.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_constructor, 2 * 11u);
     }
     check_raii_counts();
   }
diff --git a/test/cfoa/exception_erase_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/exception_erase_tests.cpp
index 39ff0212..11d167e7 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/exception_erase_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/exception_erase_tests.cpp
@@ -227,7 +227,9 @@ namespace {
 
     {
       X x(values.size());
-      x.insert(values.begin(), values.end());
+      for (auto const& v : values) {
+        x.insert(v);
+      }
 
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(x.size(), reference_map.size());
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::destructor, 0u);
diff --git a/test/cfoa/insert_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/insert_tests.cpp
index 6aaaf497..f773edf9 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/insert_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/insert_tests.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@
 
 #include <boost/core/ignore_unused.hpp>
 
+struct raii_convertible
+{
+  int x, y;
+  raii_convertible(int x_, int y_) : x{x_}, y{y_} {}
+
+  operator std::pair<raii const, raii>() { return {x, y}; }
+};
+
 namespace {
   test::seed_t initialize_seed(78937);
 
@@ -95,9 +103,18 @@ namespace {
   {
     template <class T, class X> void operator()(std::vector<T>& values, X& x)
     {
-      thread_runner(
-        values, [&x](boost::span<T> s) { x.insert(s.begin(), s.end()); });
+      std::vector<raii_convertible> values2;
+      values2.reserve(values.size());
+      for (auto const& p : values) {
+        values2.push_back(raii_convertible(p.first.x_, p.second.x_));
+      }
 
+      thread_runner(values2, [&x](boost::span<raii_convertible> s) {
+        x.insert(s.begin(), s.end());
+      });
+
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 2 * values2.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 0u);
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_assignment, 0u);
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::move_assignment, 0u);
     }
@@ -361,19 +378,26 @@ namespace {
   {
     template <class T, class X> void operator()(std::vector<T>& values, X& x)
     {
+      std::vector<raii_convertible> values2;
+      values2.reserve(values.size());
+      for (auto const& p : values) {
+        values2.push_back(raii_convertible(p.first.x_, p.second.x_));
+      }
+
       std::atomic<std::uint64_t> num_invokes{0};
-      thread_runner(values, [&x, &num_invokes](boost::span<T> s) {
-        x.insert_or_cvisit(
-          s.begin(), s.end(), [&num_invokes](typename X::value_type const& v) {
-            (void)v;
-            ++num_invokes;
-          });
-      });
+      thread_runner(
+        values2, [&x, &num_invokes](boost::span<raii_convertible> s) {
+          x.insert_or_cvisit(s.begin(), s.end(),
+            [&num_invokes](typename X::value_type const& v) {
+              (void)v;
+              ++num_invokes;
+            });
+        });
 
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(num_invokes, values.size() - x.size());
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * x.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 2 * values2.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 0u);
       BOOST_TEST_GT(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
     }
   } iterator_range_insert_or_cvisit;
@@ -382,19 +406,26 @@ namespace {
   {
     template <class T, class X> void operator()(std::vector<T>& values, X& x)
     {
+      std::vector<raii_convertible> values2;
+      values2.reserve(values.size());
+      for (auto const& p : values) {
+        values2.push_back(raii_convertible(p.first.x_, p.second.x_));
+      }
+
       std::atomic<std::uint64_t> num_invokes{0};
-      thread_runner(values, [&x, &num_invokes](boost::span<T> s) {
-        x.insert_or_visit(
-          s.begin(), s.end(), [&num_invokes](typename X::value_type const& v) {
-            (void)v;
-            ++num_invokes;
-          });
-      });
+      thread_runner(
+        values2, [&x, &num_invokes](boost::span<raii_convertible> s) {
+          x.insert_or_visit(s.begin(), s.end(),
+            [&num_invokes](typename X::value_type const& v) {
+              (void)v;
+              ++num_invokes;
+            });
+        });
 
       BOOST_TEST_EQ(num_invokes, values.size() - x.size());
 
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 0u);
-      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 2 * x.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::default_constructor, 2 * values2.size());
+      BOOST_TEST_EQ(raii::copy_constructor, 0u);
       BOOST_TEST_GT(raii::move_constructor, 0u);
     }
   } iterator_range_insert_or_visit;
diff --git a/test/cfoa/merge_tests.cpp b/test/cfoa/merge_tests.cpp
index 2691c09d..92770ecb 100644
--- a/test/cfoa/merge_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/cfoa/merge_tests.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ namespace {
         using map2_type = boost::unordered::concurrent_flat_map<raii, raii,
           std::hash<raii>, std::equal_to<raii>, allocator_type>;
 
-        map2_type y(s.begin(), s.end(), s.size(), allocator_type(3));
+        map2_type y(s.size(), allocator_type(3));
+        for (auto const& v : s) {
+          y.insert(v);
+        }
         expected_copies += 2 * y.size();
 
         BOOST_TEST(x.get_allocator() == y.get_allocator());