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<h1 id="frequently-asked-questions">Frequently Asked Questions<a class="headerlink" href="#frequently-asked-questions" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
|
<h2 id="why-do-we-spell-metre-instead-of-meter">Why do we spell <code>metre</code> instead of <code>meter</code>?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-do-we-spell-metre-instead-of-meter" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>This is how the BIPM defines it in the <a href="../../appendix/references/#SIBrochure">SI Brochure</a>
|
|
(British English spelling by default).</p>
|
|
<h2 id="why-dont-we-use-udls-to-create-quantities">Why don't we use UDLs to create quantities?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-dont-we-use-udls-to-create-quantities" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Many reasons make UDLs a poor choice for a physical units library:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>UDLs work only with literals (compile-time known values). Our observation is that besides
|
|
the unit tests, there are few compile-time known constants used in the production code.</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Typical implementations of UDLs tend to always use the widest representation type available.
|
|
In the case of <code>std::chrono::duration</code>, the following is true:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nn">chrono_literals</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">42.</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">static_assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">is_same_v</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">decltype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">rep</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="k">static_assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">is_same_v</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">decltype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">rep</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>While increasing the coverage for the library, we learned that many unit symbols conflict with
|
|
built-in types or numeric extensions. A few of those are: <code>F</code> (farad), <code>J</code> (joule), <code>W</code> (watt),
|
|
<code>K</code> (kelvin), <code>d</code> (day), <code>l</code> or <code>L</code> (litre), <code>erg</code>, <code>ergps</code>. For a while for those we used <code>_</code> prefix
|
|
to make the library work at all, but at some point, we had to unify the naming, and we came up with <code>_q_</code>
|
|
prefix, which resulted in creating a quantity of a provided unit. So in case the library is
|
|
standardized, all quantities would be created with UDLs having <code>q_</code> prefix (i.e. <code>42q_s</code>)
|
|
which is not that nice anymore.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>UDLs with the same identifiers defined in different namespace can't be disambiguated in the C++
|
|
language. If both SI and CGS systems define <code>_q_s</code> UDL for a second unit, then it would not be possible
|
|
to specify which one to use in case both namespaces are "imported".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Another bad property of UDLs is that they do not compose. A coherent unit of angular momentum would
|
|
have a UDL specified as <code>_q_kg_m2_per_s</code>. Now imagine that you want to make every possible user happy.
|
|
How many variations of that unit would you predefine for differently scaled versions of unit ingredients?</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>UDLs are also really expensive to define and specify. For each unit, we need two definitions. One for
|
|
integral and another one for floating-point representation. Before the V2 framework, the coherent unit of
|
|
angular momentum was defined as:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">constexpr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_q_kg_m2_per_s</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gsl_ExpectsAudit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">in_range</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">angular_momentum</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">kilogram_metre_sq_per_second</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">static_cast</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="k">constexpr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="s">""</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_q_kg_m2_per_s</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-8"><a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">angular_momentum</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">kilogram_metre_sq_per_second</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-9"><a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h2 id="why-cant-i-create-a-quantity-by-passing-a-number-to-a-constructor">Why can't I create a quantity by passing a number to a constructor?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-cant-i-create-a-quantity-by-passing-a-number-to-a-constructor" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>A quantity class template in the <strong>mp-units</strong> library has no publicly available constructor taking a raw value.
|
|
Such support is provided by the <code>std::chrono::duration</code> and was pointed out to us as a red flag safety issue
|
|
by a few parties already.</p>
|
|
<p>Consider the following structure and a code using it:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">chrono</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">milliseconds</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">};</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">emplace_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Everything works fine for years until at some point someone changes the structure to:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-4-2"><a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">chrono</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">microseconds</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-4-3"><a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-4-4"><a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">};</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>The code continues to compile just fine but all the calculations are off now. This is why we decided to not
|
|
follow this path.</p>
|
|
<p>In the <strong>mp-units</strong> library, both a number and a unit have to always be explicitly provided in order to
|
|
form a quantity.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="why-60-km-h-does-not-compile">Why <code>60 * km / h</code> does not compile?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-60-km-h-does-not-compile" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>The library design does not allow multiplying or dividing a quantity (the result of <code>60 * km</code>)
|
|
by another unit. This significantly limits the number of possible errors and surprises in the
|
|
quantity equations.</p>
|
|
<p>Consider the following expression:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">km</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Looks like <code>30 km/h</code>, right? But it is not. If the above code was allowed, it would result
|
|
in <code>30 km⋅h</code>. In case you want to divide <code>60 * km</code> by <code>2 * h</code> a parenthesis is needed:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">km</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Another surprising issue could result from the following code:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">template</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">typename</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="o">></span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">make_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">si</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">metre</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-7-5"><a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">make_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>The above might look like a good idea, but consider what would happen in the user provided
|
|
an already existing quantity:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-8-1"><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-8-2"><a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">q</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">make_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Fortunately, with the current design, such issues are detected at compile-time as
|
|
multiplying or dividing a quantity by a unit is not be supported.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="why-a-dimensionless-quantity-is-not-just-a-fundamental-arithmetic-type">Why a dimensionless quantity is not just a fundamental arithmetic type?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-a-dimensionless-quantity-is-not-just-a-fundamental-arithmetic-type" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>In the initial design of this library, the resulting type of division of two quantities was their
|
|
common representation type:</p>
|
|
<div class="language-cpp highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-9-1"><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">static_assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">is_same_v</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">decltype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">km</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">km</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="kt">int64_t</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>First of all, this was consistent with
|
|
<a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration/operator_arith4"><code>std::chrono::duration</code></a> behavior.
|
|
Additional reasoning behind it was not providing a false impression of a strong <code>quantity</code> type for
|
|
something that looks and feels like a regular number. Also, all of the mathematic and trigonometric functions
|
|
were working fine out of the box with such representation types, so we did not have to rewrite
|
|
<code>sin()</code>, <code>cos()</code>, <code>exp()</code>, and others.</p>
|
|
<p>However, the feedback we got from the production usage was that such an approach is really bad for generic
|
|
programming. It is hard to handle the result of the two quantities' division (or multiplication) as
|
|
it might be either a quantity or a fundamental type. If we want to raise such a result to some power, we
|
|
must use <code>units::pow</code> or <code>std::pow</code> depending on the resulting type. Those are only a few issues related
|
|
to such an approach.</p>
|
|
<p>Moreover, suppose you divide quantities of the same dimension but with units of significantly different
|
|
magnitudes. In that case, you may end up with a really small or a huge floating-point value, which may result
|
|
in losing lots of precision. Returning a dimensionless quantity from such cases allows us to benefit from
|
|
all the properties of scaled units and is consistent with the rest of the library.</p>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p>More information on the current design can be found in
|
|
<a href="../../users_guide/framework_basics/dimensionless_quantities/">the Dimensionless Quantities chapter</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="why-unicode-quantity-symbols-are-used-by-default-instead-of-ascii-only-characters">Why Unicode quantity symbols are used by default instead of ASCII-only characters?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-unicode-quantity-symbols-are-used-by-default-instead-of-ascii-only-characters" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Both C++ and <a href="../../appendix/references/#ISO80000">ISO 80000</a> are standardized by the ISO.
|
|
<a href="../../appendix/references/#ISO80000">ISO 80000</a> and the <a href="../../appendix/references/#SIBrochure">SI</a>
|
|
standards specify Unicode symbols as the official unit names for some quantities
|
|
(i.e. <code>Ω</code> symbol for the resistance quantity).
|
|
As <strong>mp-units</strong> library will be proposed for standardization as a part of the C++ Standard Library
|
|
we have to obey the rules and be consistent with ISO specifications.</p>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p>We do understand engineering reality and the constraints of some environments. This is why the library
|
|
has the option of ASCII-only Quantity Symbols.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="why-dont-you-have-cmake-options-to-disable-the-building-of-tests-and-examples">Why don't you have CMake options to disable the building of tests and examples?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-dont-you-have-cmake-options-to-disable-the-building-of-tests-and-examples" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Over time many people provided PRs proposing adding options to build tests and examples conditionally.
|
|
Here are a few examples:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/mpusz/mp-units/pull/124">Add CMake options for disabling docs, examples and tests</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/mpusz/mp-units/pull/402">build: add options to disable part of the build</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/mpusz/mp-units/pull/456">CMake Refactoring and Option Cleanup</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>We admit this is a common practice in the industry, but we also believe this is a bad pattern.</p>
|
|
<p>First, the only need for such options comes when a user wants to use <code>add_subdirectory()</code> in CMake
|
|
to handle dependencies. Such an approach does not scale and should be discouraged. There is little
|
|
use for such a practice in times when we have dedicated package managers like Conan.</p>
|
|
<p>The second thing is that our observation is that many people are fixed on disabling "unneeded" subdirectories
|
|
from compilation, but they do not see or address the biggest issue, which is polluting user's build
|
|
environment with our development-specific settings. Propagating our restrictive compilation flags to user's
|
|
project is not the best idea as it might cause a lot of harm if this project stops to compile
|
|
because of that.</p>
|
|
<p>Last but not least, not having those options is on purpose. Top level <em>CMakeLists.txt</em> file should only
|
|
be used by <strong>mp-units</strong> developers and contributors as an entry point for project's development.
|
|
We want to ensure that everyone will build <strong>ALL</strong> the code correctly before pushing a commit. Having
|
|
such options would allow unintended issues to leak to PRs and CI.</p>
|
|
<p>This is why our projects have two entry points:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><em>./CMakeLists.txt</em> is to be used by projects developers to build <strong>ALL</strong> the project code with really
|
|
restrictive compilation flags,</li>
|
|
<li><em>./src/CMakeLists.txt</em> contains only a pure library definition and should be used by the customers
|
|
that prefer to use CMake's <code>add_subdirectory()</code> to handle the dependencies.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p>For more details on this please refer to the <a href="https://youtu.be/mrSwJBJ-0z8?t=1931">CMake + Conan: 3 Years Later - Mateusz Pusz</a>
|
|
lecture that Mateusz Pusz provided at the C++Now 2021 conference.</p>
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