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<title>Boost: mem_fn.hpp documentation</title>
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<td width="277"><A href="../../index.htm"> <img src="../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" width="277" height="86" border="0"></A>
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</td>
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<td align="center">
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<h1>mem_fn.hpp</h1>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2" height="64"> </td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><a href="#Purpose">Purpose</a></h3>
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<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><a href="#FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</a></h3>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Q1">Can <b>mem_fn</b> be used instead of the
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standard <b>std::mem_fun[_ref]</b> adaptors?</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Q2">Should I replace every occurence of <b>std::mem_fun[_ref]</b>
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with <b>mem_fn</b> in my existing code?</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Q3">Does <b>mem_fn</b> work with COM methods?</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Q4">Why isn't BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL
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defined automatically?</a></h4>
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<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><a href="#Interface">Interface</a></h3>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Synopsis">Synopsis</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#CommonRequirements">Common requirements</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#get_pointer">get_pointer</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#mem_fn">mem_fn</a></h4>
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<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><a href="#Implementation">Implementation</a></h3>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Files">Files</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#Dependencies">Dependencies</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#NumberOfArguments">Number of Arguments</a></h4>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><a href="#stdcall">"__stdcall", "__cdecl" and
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"__fastcall" Support</a></h4>
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<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><a href="#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h3>
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<h2><a name="Purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
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<p>
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<b>boost::mem_fn</b> is a generalization of the standard functions <b>std::mem_fun</b>
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and <b>std::mem_fun_ref</b>. It supports member function pointers with more
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than one argument, and the returned function object can take a pointer, a
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reference, or a smart pointer to an object instance as its first argument. <STRONG>mem_fn</STRONG>
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also supports pointers to data members by treating them as functions taking no
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arguments and returning a (const) reference to the member.
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</p>
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<p>
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The purpose of <b>mem_fn</b> is twofold. First, it allows users to invoke a
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member function on a container with the familiar
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</p>
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<pre>
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std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), boost::mem_fn(&Shape::draw));
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</pre>
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<p>
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syntax, even when the container stores smart pointers.
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</p>
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<p>
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Second, it can be used as a building block by library developers that want to
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treat a pointer to member function as a function object. A library might define
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an enhanced <b>for_each</b> algorithm with an overload of the form:
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</p>
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<pre>
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template<class It, class R, class T> void for_each(It first, It last, R (T::*pmf) ())
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{
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std::for_each(first, last, boost::mem_fn(pmf));
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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that will allow the convenient syntax:
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</p>
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<pre>
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for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), &Shape::draw);
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</pre>
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<p>
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When documenting the feature, the library author will simply state:
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</p>
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<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt">template<class It, class R, class T> void
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for_each(It first, It last, R (T::*pmf) ());</h4>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt">
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<b>Effects:</b> equivalent to std::for_each(first, last, boost::mem_fn(pmf));
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</p>
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<p>
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where <b>boost::mem_fn</b> can be a link to this page. See <a href="bind.html">the
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documentation of <b>bind</b></a> for an example.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>mem_fn</b> takes one argument, a pointer to a member, and returns a function
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object suitable for use with standard or user-defined algorithms:
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</p>
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<pre>
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struct X
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{
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void f();
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};
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void g(std::vector<X> & v)
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{
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std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), boost::mem_fn(&X::f));
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};
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void h(std::vector<X *> const & v)
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{
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std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), boost::mem_fn(&X::f));
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};
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void k(std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<X> > const & v)
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{
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std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), boost::mem_fn(&X::f));
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};
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</pre>
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<p>
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The returned function object takes the same arguments as the input member
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function plus a "flexible" first argument that represents the object instance.
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</p>
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<p>
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When the function object is invoked with a first argument <b>x</b> that is
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neither a pointer nor a reference to the appropriate class (<b>X</b> in the
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example above), it uses <tt>get_pointer(x)</tt> to obtain a pointer from <b>x</b>.
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Library authors can "register" their smart pointer classes by supplying an
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appropriate <b>get_pointer</b> overload, allowing <b>mem_fn</b> to recognize
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and support them.
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</p>
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<p>
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[Note: <b>get_pointer</b> is not restricted to return a pointer. Any object
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that can be used in a member function call expression <tt>(x->*pmf)(...)</tt>
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will work.]
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</p>
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<p>
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[Note: the library uses an unqualified call to <b>get_pointer</b>. Therefore,
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it will find, through argument-dependent lookup, <b>get_pointer</b> overloads
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that are defined in the same namespace as the corresponding smart pointer
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class, in addition to any <b>boost::get_pointer</b> overloads.]
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</p>
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<p>
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All function objects returned by <b>mem_fn</b> expose a <b>result_type</b> typedef
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that represents the return type of the member function. For data members, <STRONG>result_type</STRONG>
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is defined as the type of the member.
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</p>
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<h2><a name="FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</a></h2>
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<h3><a name="Q1">Can <b>mem_fn</b> be used instead of the standard <b>std::mem_fun[_ref]</b>
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adaptors?</a></h3>
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<p>
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Yes. For simple uses, <b>mem_fn</b> provides additional functionality that the
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standard adaptors do not. Complicated expressions that use <b>std::bind1st</b>, <b>std::bind2nd</b>
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or <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_31_0/libs/compose/index.htm"><b>Boost.Compose</b></a> along with the
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standard adaptors can be rewritten using <a href="bind.html"><b>boost::bind</b></a>
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that automatically takes advantage of <b>mem_fn</b>.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="Q2">Should I replace every occurence of <b>std::mem_fun[_ref]</b> with <b>mem_fn</b>
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in my existing code?</a></h3>
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<p>
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No, unless you have good reasons to do so. <b>mem_fn</b> is not 100% compatible
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with the standard adaptors, although it comes pretty close. In particular, <b>mem_fn</b>
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does not return objects of type <b>std::[const_]mem_fun[1][_ref]_t</b>, as the
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standard adaptors do, and it is not possible to fully describe the type of the
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first argument using the standard <b>argument_type</b> and <b>first_argument_type</b>
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nested typedefs. Libraries that need adaptable function objects in order to
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function might not like <b>mem_fn</b>.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="Q3">Does <b>mem_fn</b> work with COM methods?</a></h3>
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<p>
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Yes, if you <a href="#stdcall">#define BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL</a>.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="Q4">Why isn't BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL defined automatically?</a></h3>
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<p>
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Non-portable extensions, in general, should default to off to prevent vendor
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lock-in. Had BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL been defined automatically, you could
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have accidentally taken advantage of it without realizing that your code is,
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perhaps, no longer portable. In addition, it is possible for the default
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calling convention to be __stdcall, in which case enabling __stdcall support
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will result in duplicate definitions.
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</p>
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<h2><a name="Interface">Interface</a></h2>
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<h3><a name="Synopsis">Synopsis</a></h3>
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<pre>
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namespace boost
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{
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template<class T> T * <a href="#get_pointer_1">get_pointer</a>(T * p);
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template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-1</i> <a href="#mem_fn_1">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) ());
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template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-2</i> <a href="#mem_fn_2">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) () const);
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template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-2-1</i> <a href="#mem_fn_2_1">mem_fn</a>(R T::*pm);
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template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-3</i> <a href="#mem_fn_3">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) (A1));
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template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-4</i> <a href="#mem_fn_4">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) (A1) const);
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template<class R, class T, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-5</i> <a href="#mem_fn_5">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) (A1, A2));
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template<class R, class T, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-6</i> <a href="#mem_fn_6">mem_fn</a>(R (T::*pmf) (A1, A2) const);
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// implementation defined number of additional overloads for more arguments
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}
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</pre>
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<h3><a name="CommonRequirements">Common requirements</a></h3>
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<p>
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All <tt><i>unspecified-N</i></tt> types mentioned in the Synopsis are <b>CopyConstructible</b>
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and <b>Assignable</b>. Their copy constructors and assignment operators do not
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throw exceptions. <tt><i>unspecified-N</i>::result_type</tt> is defined as the
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return type of the member function pointer passed as an argument to <b>mem_fn</b>
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(<b>R</b> in the Synopsis.) <tt><i>unspecified-2-1</i>::result_type</tt> is
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defined as <tt>R</tt>.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="get_pointer">get_pointer</a></h3>
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<h4><a name="get_pointer_1">template<class T> T * get_pointer(T * p)</a></h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> <tt>p</tt>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3><a name="mem_fn">mem_fn</a></h3>
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<h4><a name="mem_fn_1">template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-1</i> mem_fn(R
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(T::*pmf) ())</a></h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t)</i></tt>
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is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)()</tt> when <i>t</i> is an l-value of type <STRONG>T </STRONG>
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or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)()</tt> otherwise.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="mem_fn_2">template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-2</i> mem_fn(R
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(T::*pmf) () const)</a></h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t)</i></tt>
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is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)()</tt> when <i>t</i> is of type <STRONG>T</STRONG>
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<EM>[const]<STRONG> </STRONG></EM>or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)()</tt>
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otherwise.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="mem_fn_2_1">template<class R, class T> <i>unspecified-2-1</i> mem_fn(R
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T::*pm)</a></h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t)</i></tt>
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is equivalent to <tt>t.*pm</tt> when <i>t</i> is of type <STRONG>T</STRONG> <EM>[const]<STRONG>
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</STRONG></EM>or derived, <tt>get_pointer(t)->*pm</tt> otherwise.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="mem_fn_3">template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-3</i> mem_fn(R
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(T::*pmf) (A1))</a></h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t, a1)</i></tt>
|
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|
|
|
is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)(a1)</tt> when <i>t</i> is an l-value of type <STRONG>T
|
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|
</STRONG>or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)(a1)</tt> otherwise.
|
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
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|
</p>
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</blockquote>
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|
<h4><a name="mem_fn_4">template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-4</i> mem_fn(R
|
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|
(T::*pmf) (A1) const)</a></h4>
|
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t, a1)</i></tt>
|
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|
is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)(a1)</tt> when <i>t</i> is of type <STRONG>T</STRONG>
|
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<EM>[const]<STRONG> </STRONG></EM>or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)(a1)</tt>
|
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|
otherwise.
|
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|
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|
</p>
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|
<p>
|
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|
<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
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|
</blockquote>
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|
<h4><a name="mem_fn_5">template<class R, class T, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-5</i>
|
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|
mem_fn(R (T::*pmf) (A1, A2))</a></h4>
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|
<blockquote>
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|
<p>
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|
<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t, a1, a2)</i></tt>
|
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|
|
|
is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)(a1, a2)</tt> when <i>t</i> is an l-value of type <STRONG>
|
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|
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|
T</STRONG> or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)(a1, a2)</tt> otherwise.
|
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|
|
|
</p>
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|
<p>
|
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|
<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
|
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|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
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|
|
|
<h4><a name="mem_fn_6">template<class R, class T, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-6</i>
|
|
|
|
|
mem_fn(R (T::*pmf) (A1, A2) const)</a></h4>
|
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|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Returns:</b> a function object <i>f</i> such that the expression <tt><i>f(t, a1, a2)</i></tt>
|
|
|
|
|
is equivalent to <tt>(t.*pmf)(a1, a2)</tt> when <i>t</i> is of type <STRONG>T</STRONG>
|
|
|
|
|
<EM>[const]</EM> or derived, <tt>(get_pointer(t)->*pmf)(a1, a2)</tt> otherwise.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Throws:</b> Nothing.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="Implementation">Implementation</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Files">Files</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../../boost/mem_fn.hpp">boost/mem_fn.hpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(main header)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../../boost/bind/mem_fn_cc.hpp">boost/bind/mem_fn_cc.hpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(used by mem_fn.hpp, do not include directly)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../../boost/bind/mem_fn_vw.hpp">boost/bind/mem_fn_vw.hpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(used by mem_fn.hpp, do not include directly)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../../boost/bind/mem_fn_template.hpp">boost/bind/mem_fn_template.hpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(used by mem_fn.hpp, do not include directly)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="test/mem_fn_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/mem_fn_test.cpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(test)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="test/mem_fn_derived_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/mem_fn_derived_test.cpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(test with derived objects)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="test/mem_fn_fastcall_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/mem_fn_fastcall_test.cpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(test for __fastcall)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="test/mem_fn_stdcall_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/mem_fn_stdcall_test.cpp</a>
|
|
|
|
|
(test for __stdcall)
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="test/mem_fn_void_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/mem_fn_void_test.cpp</a> (test
|
|
|
|
|
for void returns)</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Dependencies">Dependencies</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../config/config.htm">Boost.Config</a></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="NumberOfArguments">Number of Arguments</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
This implementation supports member functions with up to eight arguments. This
|
|
|
|
|
is not an inherent limitation of the design, but an implementation detail.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="stdcall">"__stdcall", "__cdecl" and "__fastcall" Support</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Some platforms allow several types of member functions that differ by their <b>calling
|
|
|
|
|
convention</b> (the rules by which the function is invoked: how are
|
|
|
|
|
arguments passed, how is the return value handled, and who cleans up the stack
|
|
|
|
|
- if any.)
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
For example, Windows API functions and COM interface member functions use a
|
|
|
|
|
calling convention known as <b>__stdcall</b>. Borland VCL components use <STRONG>__fastcall</STRONG>.
|
|
|
|
|
UDK, the component model of OpenOffice.org, uses <STRONG>__cdecl</STRONG>.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
To use <b>mem_fn</b> with <b>__stdcall</b> member functions, <b>#define</b> the
|
|
|
|
|
macro <b>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL</b> before including, directly or
|
|
|
|
|
indirectly, <b><boost/mem_fn.hpp></b>.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>To use <B>mem_fn</B> with <B>__fastcall</B> member functions, <B>#define</B> the
|
|
|
|
|
macro <B>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_FASTCALL</B> before including <B><boost/mem_fn.hpp></B>.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>To use <B>mem_fn</B> with <B>__cdecl</B> member functions, <B>#define</B> the
|
|
|
|
|
macro <B>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_CDECL</B> before including <B><boost/mem_fn.hpp></B>.
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>It is best to define these macros in the project options, via -D on the
|
|
|
|
|
command line, or as the first line in the translation unit (.cpp file) where
|
|
|
|
|
mem_fn is used.</STRONG> Not following this rule can lead to obscure errors
|
|
|
|
|
when a header includes mem_fn.hpp before the macro has been defined.</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>[Note: this is a non-portable extension. It is not part of the interface.]
|
|
|
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
[Note: Some compilers provide only minimal support for the <b>__stdcall</b> keyword.]
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Rene Jager's initial suggestion of using traits classes to make <b>mem_fn</b> adapt
|
|
|
|
|
to user-defined smart pointers inspired the <b>get_pointer</b>-based design.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Numerous improvements were suggested during the formal review period by Richard
|
|
|
|
|
Crossley, Jens Maurer, Ed Brey, and others. Review manager was Darin Adler.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Steve Anichini pointed out that COM interfaces use <b>__stdcall</b>.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
Dave Abrahams modified <b>bind</b> and <b>mem_fn</b> to support void returns on
|
|
|
|
|
deficient compilers.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Daniel Boelzle pointed out that UDK uses <STRONG>__cdecl</STRONG>.<br>
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
<small>Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Peter Dimov and Multi Media Ltd. Copyright
|
|
|
|
|
2003-2005 Peter Dimov. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version
|
|
|
|
|
1.0. See accompanying file <A href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</A> or
|
|
|
|
|
copy at <A href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</A>.</small></p>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
|
|
|
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=../bind/mem_fn.html">
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
Automatic redirection failed, please go to
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../bind/mem_fn.html">../bind/mem_fn.html</a>. <hr>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
|
|
|
file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy
|
|
|
|
|
at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> </p>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
