Merge branch 'remove_optional' of https://github.com/NAThompson/integer into remove_optional

This commit is contained in:
Nick Thompson
2018-12-04 11:31:12 -07:00
19 changed files with 71 additions and 2435 deletions

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<p>
The <a href="../../../../../libs/config/doc/html/boost_config/cstdint.html" target="_top">Boost.Config</a>
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Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
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<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="extended_euclidean.html#boost_integer.extended_euclidean.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="extended_euclidean.html#boost_integer.extended_euclidean.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="extended_euclidean.html#boost_integer.extended_euclidean.usage">Usage</a></span></dt>
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<p>
The extended Euclidean algorithm solves the integer relation <span class="emphasis"><em>mx
+ ny</em></span> = gcd(<span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>n</em></span>) for
<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>.
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</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">extended_euclidean</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">integer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">euclidean_result_t</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">euclidean_result_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">extended_euclidean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}}</span>
</pre>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.extended_euclidean.usage"></a><a class="link" href="extended_euclidean.html#boost_integer.extended_euclidean.usage" title="Usage">Usage</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">12</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">n</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">15</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">res</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extended_euclidean</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">gcd</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">res</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">res</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">res</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// mx + ny = gcd(m,n) should now hold</span>
</pre>
<p>
Unlike most of the library, the extended Euclidean algorithm requires C++11
features.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
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<a name="boost_integer.extended_euclidean.references"></a><a class="link" href="extended_euclidean.html#boost_integer.extended_euclidean.references" title="References">References</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Wagstaff, Samuel S., <span class="emphasis"><em>The Joy of Factoring</em></span>, Vol. 68.
American Mathematical Soc., 2013.
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_function_object">GCD Function
Object</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.lcm_function_object">LCM Function
Object</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.run_time">Run-time GCD &amp; LCM
Determination</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time">Compile time GCD
and LCM determination</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_header">Header &lt;boost/integer/common_factor.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.demo">Demonstration Program</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.rationale">Rationale</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_history">History</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_credits">Credits</a></span></dt>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The class and function templates in &lt;boost/math/common_factor.hpp&gt;
provide run-time and compile-time evaluation of the greatest common divisor
(GCD) or least common multiple (LCM) of two integers. These facilities are
useful for many numeric-oriented generic programming problems.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">integer</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">gcd_evaluator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">lcm_evaluator</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">lcm</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">lcm</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">gcd_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">lcm_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>see-below</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_lcm</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_function_object"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_function_object" title="GCD Function Object">GCD Function
Object</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Header: </strong></span> <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp&gt;</a>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gcd_evaluator</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// Types</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">first_argument_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">second_argument_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Function object interface</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="identifier">first_argument_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">second_argument_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The boost::integer::gcd_evaluator class template defines a function object
class to return the greatest common divisor of two integers. The template
is parameterized by a single type, called IntegerType here. This type should
be a numeric type that represents integers. The result of the function object
is always nonnegative, even if either of the operator arguments is negative.
</p>
<p>
This function object class template is used in the corresponding version
of the GCD function template. If a numeric type wants to customize evaluations
of its greatest common divisors, then the type should specialize on the gcd_evaluator
class template.
</p>
<p>
Note that these function objects are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">constexpr</span></code>
in C++14 and later only. They are also declared <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code>
when appropriate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.lcm_function_object"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.lcm_function_object" title="LCM Function Object">LCM Function
Object</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Header: </strong></span> <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp&gt;</a>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">lcm_evaluator</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// Types</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">first_argument_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">second_argument_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Function object interface</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">()(</span>
<span class="identifier">first_argument_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">second_argument_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The boost::integer::lcm_evaluator class template defines a function object
class to return the least common multiple of two integers. The template is
parameterized by a single type, called IntegerType here. This type should
be a numeric type that represents integers. The result of the function object
is always nonnegative, even if either of the operator arguments is negative.
If the least common multiple is beyond the range of the integer type, the
results are undefined.
</p>
<p>
This function object class template is used in the corresponding version
of the LCM function template. If a numeric type wants to customize evaluations
of its least common multiples, then the type should specialize on the lcm_evaluator
class template.
</p>
<p>
Note that these function objects are constexpr in C++14 and later only. They
are also declared <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code> when
appropriate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.run_time"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.run_time" title="Run-time GCD &amp; LCM Determination">Run-time GCD &amp; LCM
Determination</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Header: </strong></span> <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp&gt;</a>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">lcm</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span><span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">constexpr</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="identifier">lcm</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">IntegerType</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Args</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;...</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">gcd_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">pair</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">lcm_range</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">first</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">I</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
The boost::integer::gcd function template returns the greatest common (nonnegative)
divisor of the two integers passed to it. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gcd_range</span></code>
is the iteration of the above gcd algorithm over a range, returning the greatest
common divisor of all the elements. The algorithm terminates when the gcd
reaches unity or the end of the range. Thus it also returns the iterator
after the last element inspected because this may not be equal to the end
of the range. The variadic version of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gcd</span></code>
behaves similarly but does not indicate which input value caused the gcd
to reach unity.
</p>
<p>
The boost::integer::lcm function template returns the least common (nonnegative)
multiple of the two integers passed to it. As with gcd, there are range and
variadic versions of the function for more than 2 arguments.
</p>
<p>
Note that these functions are constexpr in C++14 and later only. They are
also declared <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">noexcept</span></code> when
appropriate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time" title="Compile time GCD and LCM determination">Compile time GCD
and LCM determination</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
These functions are deprecated in favor of constexpr <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gcd</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lcm</span></code> on C++14 capable
compilers.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Header: </strong></span> <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp&gt;</a>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>unspecified</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_gcd</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">implementation_defined</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_lcm</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">implementation_defined</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
The type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span></code>
is the widest unsigned-integer-type that is supported for use in integral-constant-expressions
by the compiler. Usually this the same type as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uintmax_t</span></code>,
but may fall back to being <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">unsigned</span>
<span class="keyword">long</span></code> for some older compilers.
</p>
<p>
The boost::integer::static_gcd and boost::integer::static_lcm class templates
take two value-based template parameters of the <span class="emphasis"><em>static_gcd_type</em></span>
type and inherit from the type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">mpl</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integral_c</span></code>. Inherited from the base class,
they have a member <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> that is the greatest common
factor or least common multiple, respectively, of the template arguments.
A compile-time error will occur if the least common multiple is beyond the
range of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">static_gcd_type</span></code>.
</p>
<h4>
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time.example"></a></span><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.compile_time.example">Example</a>
</h4>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">common_factor</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">algorithm</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"The GCD and LCM of 6 and 15 are "</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gcd</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">15</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" and "</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">lcm</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">6</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">15</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">", respectively."</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"The GCD and LCM of 8 and 9 are "</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_gcd</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">8</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">9</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">" and "</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_lcm</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">8</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">9</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">", respectively."</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">6</span> <span class="special">},</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">9</span> <span class="special">},</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">];</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">transform</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">gcd_evaluator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;()</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">copy</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ostream_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">cout</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">" "</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_header"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_header" title="Header &lt;boost/integer/common_factor.hpp&gt;">Header &lt;boost/integer/common_factor.hpp&gt;</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
This header simply includes the headers <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp&gt;</a>
and <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp&gt;</a>.
</p>
<p>
Note this is a legacy header: it used to contain the actual implementation,
but the compile-time and run-time facilities were moved to separate headers
(since they were independent of each other).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.demo"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.demo" title="Demonstration Program">Demonstration Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <a href="../../../../../libs/integer/test/common_factor_test.cpp" target="_top">common_factor_test.cpp</a>
is a demonstration of the results from instantiating various examples of
the run-time GCD and LCM function templates and the compile-time GCD and
LCM class templates. (The run-time GCD and LCM class templates are tested
indirectly through the run-time function templates.)
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.rationale" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The greatest common divisor and least common multiple functions are greatly
used in some numeric contexts, including some of the other Boost libraries.
Centralizing these functions to one header improves code factoring and eases
maintenance.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_history"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_history" title="History">History</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
24th April 2017 Moved to Jeremy Murphy's improved algorithms, added constexpr
and noexcept support, added compiler intrinsic support, added variadic
and range based versions of the algorithms.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
13 May 2013 Moved into main Boost.Math Quickbook documentation.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
17 Dec 2005: Converted documentation to Quickbook Format.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
2 Jul 2002: Compile-time and run-time items separated to new headers.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
7 Nov 2001: Initial version
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_credits"></a><a class="link" href="gcd_lcm.html#boost_integer.gcd_lcm.gcd_credits" title="Credits">Credits</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The author of the Boost compilation of GCD and LCM computations is Daryle
Walker. The code was prompted by existing code hiding in the implementations
of Paul Moore's rational library and Steve Cleary's pool library. The code
had updates by Helmut Zeisel.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<a name="boost_integer.integer"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html" title="Integer Type Selection">Integer Type Selection</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.easiest">Easiest-to-Manipulate
Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.sized">Sized Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.example">Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.demonstration_program">Demonstration
Program</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.rationale">Rationale</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.alternative">Alternative</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.credits">Credits</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
The <a href="../../../../../boost/integer.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer.hpp&gt;</a>
type selection templates allow integer types to be selected based on desired
characteristics such as number of bits or maximum value. This facility is particularly
useful for solving generic programming problems.
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// fast integers from least integers</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">LeastInt</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">// signed</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">Bits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">int_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/* Member exact may or may not be defined depending upon Bits */</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">exact</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">// unsigned</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">Bits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">uint_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/* Member exact may or may not be defined depending upon Bits */</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">exact</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">// signed</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">MaxValue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">int_max_value_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">MinValue</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">int_min_value_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">// unsigned</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">Value</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">uint_value_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">int_fast_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.easiest"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.easiest" title="Easiest-to-Manipulate Types">Easiest-to-Manipulate
Types</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">int_fast_t</code> class template maps its input type to the
next-largest type that the processor can manipulate the easiest, or to itself
if the input type is already an easy-to-manipulate type. For instance, processing
a bunch of <code class="literal">char</code> objects may go faster if they were converted
to <code class="literal">int</code> objects before processing. The input type, passed
as the only template parameter, must be a built-in integral type, except
<code class="literal">bool</code>. Unsigned integral types can be used, as well as
signed integral types. The output type is given as the nested type <code class="literal">fast</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Implementation Notes:</strong></span> By default, the output
type is identical to the input type. Eventually, this code's implementation
should be customized for each platform to give accurate mappings between
the built-in types and the easiest-to-manipulate built-in types. Also, there
is no guarantee that the output type actually is easier to manipulate than
the input type.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.sized"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.sized" title="Sized Types">Sized Types</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">int_t</code>, <code class="literal">uint_t</code>, <code class="literal">int_max_value_t</code>,
<code class="literal">int_min_value_t</code>, and <code class="literal">uint_value_t</code> class
templates find the most appropiate built-in integral type for the given template
parameter. This type is given by the nested type <code class="literal">least</code>.
The easiest-to-manipulate version of that type is given by the nested type
<code class="literal">fast</code>. The following table describes each template's criteria.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.sized.criteria_for_the_sized_type_class_templates"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.&#160;Criteria for the Sized Type Class Templates</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Criteria for the Sized Type Class Templates">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Class Template
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Template Parameter Mapping
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_t&lt;N&gt;::least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, built-in, signed integral type with at least <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>
bits, including the sign bit. The parameter should be a positive
number. A compile-time error results if the parameter is larger
than the number of bits in the largest integer type.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_t&lt;N&gt;::fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate, built-in, signed integral type with
at least <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span> bits, including the sign bit. The
parameter should be a positive number. A compile-time error results
if the parameter is larger than the number of bits in the largest
integer type.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_t&lt;N&gt;::exact</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A built-in, signed integral type with exactly <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>
bits, including the sign bit. The parameter should be a positive
number. Note that the member <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> is defined
<span class="bold"><strong>only</strong></span> if there exists a type with
exactly <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span> bits.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::uint_t&lt;N&gt;::least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, built-in, unsigned integral type with at least <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>
bits. The parameter should be a positive number. A compile-time
error results if the parameter is larger than the number of bits
in the largest integer type.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::uint_t&lt;N&gt;::fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate, built-in, unsigned integral type with
at least <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span> bits. The parameter should be a
positive number. A compile-time error results if the parameter
is larger than the number of bits in the largest integer type.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::uint_t&lt;N&gt;::exact</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A built-in, unsigned integral type with exactly <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>
bits. The parameter should be a positive number. A compile-time
error results if the parameter is larger than the number of bits
in the largest integer type. Note that the member <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span>
is defined <span class="bold"><strong>only</strong></span> if there exists
a type with exactly N bits.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_max_value_t&lt;V&gt;::last</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, built-in, signed integral type that can hold all
the values in the inclusive range <span class="emphasis"><em>0 - V</em></span>. The
parameter should be a positive number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_max_value_t&lt;V&gt;::fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate, built-in, signed integral type that
can hold all the values in the inclusive range <span class="emphasis"><em>0 - V</em></span>.
The parameter should be a positive number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_min_value_t&lt;V&gt;::least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, built-in, signed integral type that can hold all
the values in the inclusive range <span class="emphasis"><em>V - 0</em></span>. The
parameter should be a negative number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::int_min_value_t&lt;V&gt;::fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate, built-in, signed integral type that
can hold all the values in the inclusive range <span class="emphasis"><em>V - 0</em></span>.
The parameter should be a negative number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::uint_value_t&lt;V&gt;::least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, built-in, unsigned integral type that can hold all
positive values up to and including <span class="emphasis"><em>V</em></span>. The
parameter should be a positive number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost::uint_value_t&lt;V&gt;::fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate, built-in, unsigned integral type that
can hold all positive values up to and including <span class="emphasis"><em>V</em></span>.
The parameter should be a positive number.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.example"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.example" title="Example">Example</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">24</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">least</span> <span class="identifier">my_var</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// my_var has at least 24-bits</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="comment">// This one is guaranteed not to be truncated:</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_max_value_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">least</span> <span class="identifier">my1000</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="comment">// This one is guaranteed not to be truncated, and as fast</span>
<span class="comment">// to manipulate as possible, its size may be greater than</span>
<span class="comment">// that of my1000:</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">int_max_value_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">my_fast1000</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.demonstration_program"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.demonstration_program" title="Demonstration Program">Demonstration
Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <a href="../../../test/integer_test.cpp" target="_top">integer_test.cpp</a>
is a simplistic demonstration of the results from instantiating various examples
of the sized type class templates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.rationale" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The rationale for the design of the templates in this header includes:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
Avoid recursion because of concern about C++'s limited guaranteed recursion
depth (17).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Avoid macros on general principles.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Try to keep the design as simple as possible.
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.alternative"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.alternative" title="Alternative">Alternative</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
If the number of bits required is known beforehand, it may be more appropriate
to use the types supplied in <a href="../../../../../boost/cstdint.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/cstdint.hpp&gt;</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.integer.credits"></a><a class="link" href="integer.html#boost_integer.integer.credits" title="Credits">Credits</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The author of most of the Boost integer type choosing templates is <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/beman_dawes.html" target="_top">Beman Dawes</a>. He
gives thanks to Valentin Bonnard and <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/kevlin_henney.htm" target="_top">Kevlin
Henney</a> for sharing their designs for similar templates. <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/daryle_walker.html" target="_top">Daryle
Walker</a> designed the value-based sized templates.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.usage">Usage</a></span></dt>
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<p>
The class template in <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/static_log2.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/static_log2.hpp&gt;</a>
determines the position of the highest bit in a given value. This facility
is useful for solving generic programming problems.
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.log2.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_log2_argument_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_log2_result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_log2_argument_type</span> <span class="identifier">arg</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_log2</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">static_log2_result_type</span> <span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_log2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// The logarithm of zero is undefined.</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.log2.usage"></a><a class="link" href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.usage" title="Usage">Usage</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">boost::static_log2</code> class template takes one template
parameter, a value of type <code class="literal">static_log2_argument_type</code>.
The template only defines one member, <code class="literal">value</code>, which gives
the truncated, base-two logarithm of the template argument.
</p>
<p>
Since the logarithm of zero, for any base, is undefined, there is a specialization
of <code class="literal">static_log2</code> for a template argument of zero. This specialization
has no members, so an attempt to use the base-two logarithm of zero results
in a compile-time error.
</p>
<p>
Note:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">static_log2_argument_type</code> is an <span class="emphasis"><em>unsigned
integer type</em></span> (C++ standard, 3.9.1p3).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">static_log2_result_type</code> is an <span class="emphasis"><em>integer type</em></span>
(C++ standard, 3.9.1p7).
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.log2.demonstration_program"></a><a class="link" href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.demonstration_program" title="Demonstration Program">Demonstration
Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <a href="../../../test/static_log2_test.cpp" target="_top">static_log2_test.cpp</a>
is a simplistic demonstration of the results from instantiating various examples
of the binary logarithm class template.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.log2.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.rationale" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The base-two (binary) logarithm, abbreviated lb, function is occasionally
used to give order-estimates of computer algorithms. The truncated logarithm
can be considered the highest power-of-two in a value, which corresponds
to the value's highest set bit (for binary integers). Sometimes the highest-bit
position could be used in generic programming, which requires the position
to be available statically (<span class="emphasis"><em>i.e.</em></span> at compile-time).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.log2.credits"></a><a class="link" href="log2.html#boost_integer.log2.credits" title="Credits">Credits</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The original version of the Boost binary logarithm class template was written
by <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/daryle_walker.html" target="_top">Daryle Walker</a>
and then enhanced by Giovanni Bajo with support for compilers without partial
template specialization. The current version was suggested, together with
a reference implementation, by Vesa Karvonen. Gennaro Prota wrote the actual
source file.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="boost_integer.mask"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html" title="Integer Masks">Integer Masks</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.overview">Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.single_bit_mask_class_template">Single
Bit-Mask Class Template</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.group_bit_mask_class_template">Group
Bit-Mask Class Template</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.implementation_notes">Implementation
Notes</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.example">Example</a></span></dt>
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Program</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.rationale">Rationale</a></span></dt>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.overview"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.overview" title="Overview">Overview</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The class templates in <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/integer_mask.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/integer_mask.hpp&gt;</a>
provide bit masks for a certain bit position or a contiguous-bit pack of
a certain size. The types of the masking constants come from the <a class="link" href="integer.html" title="Integer Type Selection">integer
type selection templates</a> header.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstddef</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// for std::size_t</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">Bit</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">high_bit_mask_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">least</span> <span class="identifier">high_bit</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">high_bit_fast</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bit_position</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Bit</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">Bits</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">low_bits_mask_t</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">least</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined-type</em></span> <span class="identifier">fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">least</span> <span class="identifier">sig_bits</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">sig_bits_fast</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">bit_count</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Bits</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">// Specializations for low_bits_mask_t exist for certain bit counts.</span>
<span class="special">}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace boost</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.single_bit_mask_class_template"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.single_bit_mask_class_template" title="Single Bit-Mask Class Template">Single
Bit-Mask Class Template</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">boost::high_bit_mask_t</code> class template provides constants
for bit masks representing the bit at a certain position. The masks are equivalent
to the value 2<sup>Bit</sup>, where <code class="literal">Bit</code> is the template parameter.
The bit position must be a nonnegative number from zero to <span class="emphasis"><em>Max</em></span>,
where Max is one less than the number of bits supported by the largest unsigned
built-in integral type. The following table describes the members of an instantiation
of <code class="literal">high_bit_mask_t</code>.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.single_bit_mask_class_template.members_of_the__boost__high_bit_mask_t__class_template"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;2.&#160;Members of the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">high_bit_mask_t</span></code>
Class Template</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Members of the boost::high_bit_mask_t
Class Template">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Member
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Meaning
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, unsigned, built-in type that supports the given bit
position.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate analog of <code class="literal">least</code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">high_bit</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <code class="literal">least</code> constant of the value 2<sup>Bit</sup>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">high_bit_fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <code class="literal">fast</code> analog of <code class="literal">high_bit</code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">bit_position</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The value of the template parameter, in case its needed from a
renamed instantiation of the class template.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.group_bit_mask_class_template"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.group_bit_mask_class_template" title="Group Bit-Mask Class Template">Group
Bit-Mask Class Template</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">boost::low_bits_mask_t</code> class template provides constants
for bit masks equivalent to the value (2<sup>Bits</sup> - 1), where <code class="literal">Bits</code>
is the template parameter. The parameter <code class="literal">Bits</code> must be
a non-negative integer from zero to <span class="emphasis"><em>Max</em></span>, where Max is
the number of bits supported by the largest, unsigned, built-in integral
type. The following table describes the members of <code class="literal">low_bits_mask_t</code>.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.group_bit_mask_class_template.members_of_the___boost__low_bits_mask_t__class_template"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;3.&#160;Members of the <code class="literal">boost::low_bits_mask_t</code> Class Template</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Members of the boost::low_bits_mask_t Class Template">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Member
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Meaning
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">least</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The smallest, unsigned built-in type that supports the given bit
count.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The easiest-to-manipulate analog of <code class="literal">least</code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">sig_bits</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <code class="literal">least</code> constant of the desired bit-masking
value.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">sig_bits_fast</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <code class="literal">fast</code> analog of <code class="literal">sig_bits</code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">bit_count</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The value of the template parameter, in case its needed from a
renamed instantiation of the class template.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.implementation_notes"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.implementation_notes" title="Implementation Notes">Implementation
Notes</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
When <code class="literal">Bits</code> is the exact size of a built-in unsigned type,
the implementation has to change to prevent undefined behavior. Therefore,
there are specializations of <code class="literal">low_bits_mask_t</code> at those
bit counts.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.example"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.example" title="Example">Example</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer_mask</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">high_bit_mask_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">29</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">mask1_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">low_bits_mask_t</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">15</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">mask2_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">mask1_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">least</span> <span class="identifier">my_var1</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">mask2_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">fast</span> <span class="identifier">my_var2</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="identifier">my_var1</span> <span class="special">|=</span> <span class="identifier">mask1_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">high_bit</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">my_var2</span> <span class="special">&amp;=</span> <span class="identifier">mask2_type</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sig_bits_fast</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.demonstration_program"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.demonstration_program" title="Demonstration Program">Demonstration
Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <a href="../../../test/integer_mask_test.cpp" target="_top">integer_mask_test.cpp</a>
is a simplistic demonstration of the results from instantiating various examples
of the bit mask class templates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.rationale" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The class templates in this header are an extension of the <a class="link" href="integer.html" title="Integer Type Selection">integer
type selection class templates</a>. The new class templates provide the
same sized types, but also convenient masks to use when extracting the highest
or all the significant bits when the containing built-in type contains more
bits. This prevents contamination of values by the higher, unused bits.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mask.credits"></a><a class="link" href="mask.html#boost_integer.mask.credits" title="Credits">Credits</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The author of the Boost bit mask class templates is <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/daryle_walker.html" target="_top">Daryle
Walker</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<a name="boost_integer.minmax"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html" title="Compile time min/max calculation">Compile time min/max calculation</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.usage">Usage</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.example">Example</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.demonstration_program">Demonstration
Program</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.rationale">Rationale</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.credits">Credits</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
The class templates in <a href="../../../../../boost/integer/static_min_max.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/static_min_max.hpp&gt;</a>
provide a compile-time evaluation of the minimum or maximum of two integers.
These facilities are useful for generic programming problems.
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_signed_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_unsigned_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_min_max_signed_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_signed_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_signed_min</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_min_max_signed_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_signed_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_signed_max</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_min_max_unsigned_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_unsigned_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_unsigned_min</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">static_min_max_unsigned_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">static_min_max_unsigned_type</span> <span class="identifier">Value2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">static_unsigned_max</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.usage"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.usage" title="Usage">Usage</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The four class templates provide the combinations for finding the minimum
or maximum of two <code class="literal">signed</code> or <code class="literal">unsigned</code>
(<code class="literal">long</code>) parameters, <span class="emphasis"><em>Value1</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Value2</em></span>,
at compile-time. Each template has a single static data member, <code class="literal">value</code>,
which is set to the respective minimum or maximum of the template's parameters.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.example"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.example" title="Example">Example</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">static_min_max</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">AddendSize1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="identifier">AddendSize2</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">adder</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">addend1_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">AddendSize1</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">addend2_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">AddendSize2</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">long</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">sum_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">static_unsigned_max</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">AddendSize1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">AddendSize2</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">addend1_type</span><span class="special">[</span> <span class="identifier">addend1_size</span> <span class="special">];</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">addend2_type</span><span class="special">[</span> <span class="identifier">addend2_size</span> <span class="special">];</span>
<span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">sum_type</span><span class="special">[</span> <span class="identifier">sum_size</span> <span class="special">];</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="special">()(</span> <span class="identifier">addend1_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">addend2_type</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">a2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">sum_type</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">};</span> <span class="comment">// 340</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">a2</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">9</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">8</span> <span class="special">};</span> <span class="comment">// 89</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">[</span> <span class="number">4</span> <span class="special">];</span>
<span class="identifier">adder</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">obj</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">obj</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">a2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// 's' should be 429 or { 9, 2, 4, 0 }</span>
<span class="comment">//...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.demonstration_program"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.demonstration_program" title="Demonstration Program">Demonstration
Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <a href="../../../test/static_min_max_test.cpp" target="_top">static_min_max_test.cpp</a>
is a simplistic demonstration of various comparisons using the compile-time
extrema class templates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.rationale"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.rationale" title="Rationale">Rationale</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Sometimes the minimum or maximum of several values needs to be found for
later compile-time processing, <span class="emphasis"><em>e.g.</em></span> for a bound for
another class template.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.minmax.credits"></a><a class="link" href="minmax.html#boost_integer.minmax.credits" title="Credits">Credits</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The author of the Boost compile-time extrema class templates is <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/daryle_walker.html" target="_top">Daryle
Walker</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="boost_integer.mod_inverse"></a><a class="link" href="mod_inverse.html" title="Modular Multiplicative Inverse">Modular Multiplicative Inverse</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.usage">Usage</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.references">References</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mod_inverse.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The modular multiplicative inverse of a number <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> is
that number <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> which satisfies <span class="emphasis"><em>ax</em></span>
= 1 mod <span class="emphasis"><em>p</em></span>. A fast algorithm for computing modular multiplicative
inverses based on the extended Euclidean algorithm exists and is provided
by Boost.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mod_inverse.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">integer</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mod_inverse</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">integer</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">mod_inverse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mod_inverse.usage"></a><a class="link" href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.usage" title="Usage">Usage</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Multiplicative modular inverses exist if and only if <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span> are coprime. So for example
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">mod_inverse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">should_be_three</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">auto</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">mod_inverse</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"There is no inverse of 2 mod 4\n"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.mod_inverse.references"></a><a class="link" href="mod_inverse.html#boost_integer.mod_inverse.references" title="References">References</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Wagstaff, Samuel S., <span class="emphasis"><em>The Joy of Factoring</em></span>, Vol. 68.
American Mathematical Soc., 2013.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="boost_integer.traits"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html" title="Integer Traits">Integer Traits</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.synopsis">Synopsis</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.description">Description</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.test_program">Test Program</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.traits.motivation"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The C++ Standard Library &lt;limits&gt; header supplies a class template
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
with specializations for each fundamental type.
</p>
<p>
For integer types, the interesting members of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> are:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_specialized</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Will be true for integer types.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">min</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">throw</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// Smallest representable value.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">max</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">throw</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// Largest representable value.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">digits</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// For integers, the number of value bits.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">digits10</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// The number of base 10 digits that can be represented.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_signed</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// True if the type is signed.</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_integer</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// Will be true for all integer types.</span>
</pre>
<p>
For many uses, these are sufficient. But min() and max() are problematical
because they are not constant expressions (std::5.19), yet some usages require
constant expressions.
</p>
<p>
The template class <code class="literal">integer_traits</code> addresses this problem.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.traits.synopsis"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.synopsis" title="Synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">integer_traits</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">is_integral</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">false</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="comment">// These members are defined only if T is a built-in</span>
<span class="comment">// integal type:</span>
<span class="comment">//</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">const_min</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">const_max</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="emphasis"><em>implementation-defined</em></span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.traits.description"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.description" title="Description">Description</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Template class <code class="literal">integer_traits</code> is derived from <code class="literal">std::numeric_limits</code>.
The primary specialization adds the single <code class="literal">bool</code> member
<code class="literal">is_integral</code> with the compile-time constant value <code class="literal">false</code>.
However, for all integral types <code class="literal">T</code> (std::3.9.1/7 [basic.fundamental]),
there are specializations provided with the following compile-time constants
defined:
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
member
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
type
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
value
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">is_integral</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
bool
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">true</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">const_min</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">T</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
equivalent to <code class="literal">std::numeric_limits&lt;T&gt;::min()</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">const_max</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal">T</code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
equivalent to <code class="literal">std::numeric_limits&lt;T&gt;::max()</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
<p>
Note: The <span class="emphasis"><em>is_integral</em></span> flag is provided, because a user-defined
integer class should specialize <code class="literal">std::numeric_limits&lt;&gt;::is_integer
= true</code>, while compile-time constants <code class="literal">const_min</code>
and <code class="literal">const_max</code> are not provided for that user-defined class,
unless boost::integer_traits is also specialized.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.traits.test_program"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.test_program" title="Test Program">Test Program</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
The program <code class="literal"><a href="../../../test/integer_traits_test.cpp" target="_top">integer_traits_test.cpp</a></code>
exercises the <code class="literal">integer_traits</code> class.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer.traits.acknowledgements"></a><a class="link" href="traits.html#boost_integer.traits.acknowledgements" title="Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Beman Dawes, Ed Brey, Steve Cleary, and Nathan Myers discussed the integer
traits idea on the boost mailing list in August 1999.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="boost_integer"></a>Boost.Integer</h2></div>
<div><div class="authorgroup">
<div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Beman</span> <span class="surname">Dawes</span>
</h3></div>
<div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Daryle</span> <span class="surname">Walker</span>
</h3></div>
<div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Gennaro</span> <span class="surname">Prota</span>
</h3></div>
<div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="surname">Maddock</span>
</h3></div>
</div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2001-2009 Beman
Dawes, Daryle Walker, Gennaro Prota, John Maddock</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="boost_integer.legal"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></div>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#boost_integer.overview">Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/traits.html">Integer Traits</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/integer.html">Integer Type Selection</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/gcd_lcm.html">Greatest Common Divisor and Least
Common Multiple</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/extended_euclidean.html">Extended Euclidean Algorithm</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/mod_inverse.html">Modular Multiplicative Inverse</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/mask.html">Integer Masks</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/log2.html">Compile Time log2 Calculation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/minmax.html">Compile time min/max calculation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/history.html">History</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_integer/cstdint.html">Removed from library: Standard Integer
Types</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="boost_integer.overview"></a><a class="link" href="index.html#boost_integer.overview" title="Overview">Overview</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Integer provides integer type support, particularly helpful in generic
programming. It provides the means to select an integer type based upon its
properties, like the number of bits or the maximum supported value, as well
as compile-time bit mask selection. There is a derivative of std::numeric_limits
that provides integral constant expressions for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">min</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">max</span></code>. Finally, it provides
two compile-time algorithms: determining the highest power of two in a compile-time
value; and computing min and max of constant expressions.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Component
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Header
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Purpose
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
Forward Declarations.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer_fwd.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer_fwd.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Forward declarations of classes and class templates - for use when
just the name of a class is needed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/traits.html" title="Integer Traits">Integer Traits</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer_traits.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer_traits.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Class template <code class="literal">boost::integer_traits</code>, derives
from <code class="literal">std::numeric_limits</code> and adds <code class="literal">const_min</code>
and <code class="literal">const_max</code> members.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/integer.html" title="Integer Type Selection">Integer Type Selection</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Templates for integer type selection based on properties such as
maximum value or number of bits: Use to select the type of an integer
when some property such as maximum value or number of bits is known.
Useful for generic programming.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/gcd_lcm.html" title="Greatest Common Divisor and Least Common Multiple">Greatest Common Divisor and
Least Common Multiple</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_rt.hpp&gt;</a></code>
and <code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/common_factor_ct.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Functions <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">gcd</span></code> and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lcm</span></code> plus function
objects and compile time versions.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/mask.html" title="Integer Masks">Integer Masks</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/integer_mask.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/integer_mask.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Templates for the selection of integer masks, single or lowest group,
based on the number of bits: Use to select a particular mask when
the bit position(s) are based on a compile-time variable. Useful
for generic programming.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/log2.html" title="Compile Time log2 Calculation">Compile time log2 Calculation</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/static_log2.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/static_log2.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Template for finding the highest power of two in a number: Use to
find the bit-size/range based on a maximum value. Useful for generic
programming.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/minmax.html" title="Compile time min/max calculation">Compile time min/max calculation</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/static_min_max.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/static_min_max.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Templates for finding the extrema of two numbers: Use to find a bound
based on a minimum or maximum value. Useful for generic programming.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/extended_euclidean.html" title="Extended Euclidean Algorithm">Extended Euclidean
algorithm</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/extended_euclidean.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/extended_euclidean.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Solves <span class="emphasis"><em>mx + ny = gcd(x,y)</em></span> for <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>y</em></span>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a class="link" href="boost_integer/mod_inverse.html" title="Modular Multiplicative Inverse">Modular multiplicative
inverse</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<code class="literal"><a href="../../../../boost/integer/mod_inverse.hpp" target="_top">&lt;boost/integer/mod_inverse.hpp&gt;</a></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Given <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span>, solves
<span class="emphasis"><em>ax</em></span> = 1 mod <span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span> for <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
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<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 02, 2018 at 19:38:28 GMT</small></p></td>
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@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ The extended Euclidean algorithm solves the integer relation /mx + ny/ = gcd(/m/
int y = res.y;
// mx + ny = gcd(m,n) should now hold
Unlike most of the library, the extended Euclidean algorithm requires C++11 features.
[endsect]
[section References]

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@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
#include <limits>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <boost/throw_exception.hpp>
#include <boost/core/swap.hpp>
#include <boost/core/enable_if.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace integer {
@ -16,27 +18,27 @@ namespace boost { namespace integer {
// Solves mx + ny = gcd(m,n). Returns tuple with (gcd(m,n), x, y).
template<class Z>
struct euclidean_result_t {
Z gcd;
Z x;
Z y;
struct euclidean_result_t
{
Z gcd;
Z x;
Z y;
};
template<class Z>
euclidean_result_t<typename std::enable_if<std::numeric_limits< Z >::is_signed, Z>::type>
typename boost::enable_if_c< std::numeric_limits< Z >::is_signed, euclidean_result_t< Z > >::type
extended_euclidean(Z m, Z n)
{
if (m < 1 || n < 1)
{
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("Arguments must be strictly positive."));
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("extended_euclidean: arguments must be strictly positive"));
}
bool swapped = false;
if (m < n)
{
swapped = true;
using std::swap;
swap(m, n);
swapped = true;
boost::swap(m, n);
}
Z u0 = m;
Z u1 = 1;
@ -49,23 +51,32 @@ extended_euclidean(Z m, Z n)
Z w2;
while(v0 > 0)
{
Z q = u0/v0;
w0 = u0 - q*v0;
w1 = u1 - q*v1;
w2 = u2 - q*v2;
u0 = v0;
u1 = v1;
u2 = v2;
v0 = w0;
v1 = w1;
v2 = w2;
Z q = u0/v0;
w0 = u0 - q*v0;
w1 = u1 - q*v1;
w2 = u2 - q*v2;
u0 = v0;
u1 = v1;
u2 = v2;
v0 = w0;
v1 = w1;
v2 = w2;
}
if (swapped)
euclidean_result_t< Z > result;
result.gcd = u0;
if (!swapped)
{
return {u0, u2, u1};
result.x = u1;
result.y = u2;
}
return {u0, u1, u2};
else
{
result.x = u2;
result.y = u1;
}
return result;
}
}}

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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Z mod_inverse(Z a, Z modulus)
{
if (modulus < Z(2))
{
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("Modulus must be > 1."));
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::domain_error("mod_inverse: modulus must be > 1"));
}
// make sure a < modulus:
a = a % modulus;
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Z mod_inverse(Z a, Z modulus)
// a doesn't have a modular multiplicative inverse:
return Z(0);
}
euclidean_result_t<Z> u = extended_euclidean(a, modulus);
boost::integer::euclidean_result_t<Z> u = extended_euclidean(a, modulus);
if (u.gcd > Z(1))
{
return Z(0);

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@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ test-suite integer
[ run integer_mask_test.cpp ]
[ run static_log2_test.cpp ]
[ run static_min_max_test.cpp ]
[ run extended_euclidean_test.cpp : : : [ requires cxx11_unified_initialization_syntax sfinae_expr ] ]
[ run mod_inverse_test.cpp : : : [ requires cxx11_unified_initialization_syntax sfinae_expr ] ]
[ run extended_euclidean_test.cpp ]
[ run mod_inverse_test.cpp ]
[ compile integer_traits_include_test.cpp ]
[ compile integer_include_test.cpp ]
[ compile integer_mask_include_test.cpp ]

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@ -34,11 +34,7 @@
#include <gmpxx.h>
#endif
#if (defined(BOOST_MSVC) && (BOOST_MSVC < 1500)) || \
(defined(__clang_major__) && (__clang_major__ == 3) && (__clang_minor__ < 2)) || \
(defined(BOOST_GCC) && defined(BOOST_GCC_CXX11) && BOOST_GCC < 40800)
#define DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#endif
#include "multiprecision_config.hpp"
#ifndef DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>

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@ -4,18 +4,15 @@
* Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
* LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
*/
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#if (defined(BOOST_MSVC) && (BOOST_MSVC < 1500)) || \
(defined(__clang_major__) && (__clang_major__ == 3) && (__clang_minor__ < 2)) || \
(defined(BOOST_GCC) && defined(BOOST_GCC_CXX11) && BOOST_GCC < 40800)
#define DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#endif
#include "multiprecision_config.hpp"
#ifndef DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#include <boost/integer/extended_euclidean.hpp>
#include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
#include <boost/integer/common_factor.hpp>
#include <boost/integer/extended_euclidean.hpp>
using boost::multiprecision::int128_t;
using boost::multiprecision::int256_t;
@ -46,9 +43,9 @@ void test_extended_euclidean()
int main()
{
test_extended_euclidean<int16_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<int32_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<int64_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<boost::int16_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<boost::int32_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<boost::int64_t>();
test_extended_euclidean<int128_t>();
return boost::report_errors();;

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@ -4,18 +4,16 @@
* Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
* LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
*/
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#if (defined(BOOST_MSVC) && (BOOST_MSVC < 1500)) || \
(defined(__clang_major__) && (__clang_major__ == 3) && (__clang_minor__ < 2)) || \
(defined(BOOST_GCC) && defined(BOOST_GCC_CXX11) && BOOST_GCC < 40800)
#define DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#endif
#include "multiprecision_config.hpp"
#ifndef DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#include <boost/integer/mod_inverse.hpp>
#include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
#include <boost/optional/optional.hpp>
#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
#include <boost/integer/common_factor.hpp>
#include <boost/integer/mod_inverse.hpp>
using boost::multiprecision::int128_t;
using boost::multiprecision::int256_t;
@ -58,9 +56,9 @@ void test_mod_inverse()
int main()
{
test_mod_inverse<int16_t>();
test_mod_inverse<int32_t>();
test_mod_inverse<int64_t>();
test_mod_inverse<boost::int16_t>();
test_mod_inverse<boost::int32_t>();
test_mod_inverse<boost::int64_t>();
test_mod_inverse<int128_t>();
return boost::report_errors();

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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
// Copyright (c) 2018 Andrey Semashev
//
// Use, modification, and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
// License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#ifndef BOOST_INTEGER_TEST_MULTIPRECISION_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED_
#define BOOST_INTEGER_TEST_MULTIPRECISION_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED_
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#if (defined(BOOST_MSVC) && (BOOST_MSVC < 1500)) || \
(defined(__clang_major__) && (__clang_major__ == 3) && (__clang_minor__ < 2)) || \
(defined(BOOST_GCC) && defined(BOOST_GCC_CXX11) && BOOST_GCC < 40800)
#define DISABLE_MP_TESTS
#endif
#endif // BOOST_INTEGER_TEST_MULTIPRECISION_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED_