Add result<U&, E> specialization. Fixes #72.

Closes #108.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ jobs:
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
             os: ubuntu-22.04
             install: g++-12
+          - toolset: gcc-13
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:23.04
+            install: g++-13
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-3.9
             cxxstd: "03,11,14"
@@ -115,12 +120,26 @@ jobs:
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
             os: ubuntu-22.04
             install: clang-14
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-15
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            install: clang-15
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-16
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:23.04
+            install: clang-16
           - toolset: clang
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
             os: macos-11
           - toolset: clang
-            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
             os: macos-12
+          - toolset: clang
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     container: ${{matrix.container}}
@@ -136,11 +155,13 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.container
         run: |
           apt-get update
-          apt-get -y install sudo python git g++
+          apt-get -y install sudo python3 git g++
 
       - name: Install packages
         if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         run: |
@@ -160,7 +181,7 @@ jobs:
           cd boost-root
           cp -r $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/* libs/$LIBRARY
           git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
-          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" $LIBRARY
+          python3 tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" $LIBRARY
           ./bootstrap.sh
           ./b2 -d0 headers
 
@@ -242,6 +263,7 @@ jobs:
           - os: ubuntu-22.04
           - os: macos-11
           - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
@@ -289,6 +311,7 @@ jobs:
           - os: ubuntu-22.04
           - os: macos-11
           - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
@@ -346,6 +369,7 @@ jobs:
           - os: ubuntu-22.04
           - os: macos-11
           - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
@@ -391,3 +415,183 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           cd ../boost-root/__build__
           ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error
+
+  windows-cmake-subdir:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Use library with add_subdirectory (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_subdir_test
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake ..
+          cmake --build . --config Debug
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Use library with add_subdirectory (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_subdir_test/__build__
+          cmake --build . --config Release
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release
+
+  windows-cmake-install:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=%LIBRARY% -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+
+      - name: Install (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target install --config Debug
+
+      - name: Install (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target install --config Release
+
+      - name: Use the installed library (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_install_test && mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+          cmake --build . --config Debug
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Use the installed library (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_install_test/__build__
+          cmake --build . --config Release
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release
+
+  windows-cmake-test:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=%LIBRARY% -DBUILD_TESTING=ON ..
+
+      - name: Build tests (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target tests --config Debug
+
+      - name: Run tests (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Build tests (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target tests --config Release
+
+      - name: Run tests (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release

doc/system/reference.adoc

@@ -1657,7 +1657,8 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const;
+    constexpr E error() const &;
+    constexpr E error() &&;
 
     // emplace
 
@@ -1851,7 +1852,8 @@ Returns: ::
 #### Error Access
 
 ```
-constexpr E error() const;
+constexpr E error() const &;
+constexpr E error() &&;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
@@ -1979,7 +1981,8 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const;
+    constexpr E error() const &;
+    constexpr E error() &&;
 
     // emplace
 
@@ -2120,7 +2123,8 @@ Effects: ::
 #### Error Access
 
 ```
-constexpr E error() const;
+constexpr E error() const &;
+constexpr E error() &&;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}

include/boost/system/detail/config.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 //
 // See http://www.boost.org/libs/system for documentation.
 
+#include <boost/system/detail/requires_cxx11.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
 

include/boost/system/detail/error_category.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
 #include <string>
 #include <functional>
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -116,11 +117,18 @@ protected:
 
 #endif
 
-    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR error_category() BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( 0 ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_GCC, < 40800)
+    BOOST_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+    error_category() BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( 0 ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
     {
     }
 
-    explicit BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR error_category( boost::ulong_long_type id ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( id ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
+    explicit
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_GCC, < 40800)
+    BOOST_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+    error_category( boost::ulong_long_type id ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( id ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
     {
     }
 

include/boost/system/detail/mutex.hpp

@@ -31,15 +31,32 @@ struct mutex
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 
-#elif defined(BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION) && BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 140
+#else // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS)
+
+#if defined(BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION) && BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 140
 
 // Under the MS STL, std::mutex::mutex() is not constexpr, as is
 // required by the standard, which leads to initialization order
 // issues. However, shared_mutex is based on SRWLock and its
 // default constructor is constexpr, so we use that instead.
 
+#include <boost/winapi/config.hpp>
+
+// SRWLOCK is not available when targeting Windows XP
+#if BOOST_USE_WINAPI_VERSION >= BOOST_WINAPI_VERSION_WIN6
+
 #include <shared_mutex>
 
+#if BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 142 || _HAS_SHARED_MUTEX
+# define BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX
+#endif
+
+#endif // BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 142 || _HAS_SHARED_MUTEX
+
+#endif // BOOST_USE_WINAPI_VERSION >= BOOST_WINAPI_VERSION_WIN6
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
+
 namespace boost
 {
 namespace system
@@ -53,7 +70,7 @@ typedef std::shared_mutex mutex;
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 
-#else
+#else // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
 
 #include <mutex>
 
@@ -70,7 +87,8 @@ using std::mutex;
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 
-#endif
+#endif // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
+#endif // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS)
 
 namespace boost
 {

include/boost/system/detail/requires_cxx11.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_CONSTEXPR) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_NOEXCEPT) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION_OPERATORS) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE("C++03 support was deprecated in Boost.System 1.82 and will be removed in Boost.System 1.84. Please open an issue in https://github.com/boostorg/system if you want it retained.")
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/result.hpp

@@ -401,12 +401,18 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const
+    constexpr E error() const &
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
     {
         return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
     }
 
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
     // emplace
 
     template<class... A>
@@ -581,12 +587,18 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const
+    constexpr E error() const &
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
     {
         return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
     }
 
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
     // emplace
 
     BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void emplace()
@@ -637,6 +649,224 @@ template<class Ch, class Tr, class E> std::basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& operator<<( st
     return os;
 }
 
+// result<T&, E>
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+template<class U, class A> struct reference_to_temporary: std::integral_constant<bool,
+    !std::is_reference<A>::value ||
+    !std::is_convertible<typename std::remove_reference<A>::type*, U*>::value
+> {};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template<class U, class E> class result<U&, E>
+{
+private:
+
+    variant2::variant<U*, E> v_;
+
+public:
+
+    using value_type = U&;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
+public:
+
+    // constructors
+
+    // implicit, value
+    template<class A, typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, E>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // implicit, error
+    template<class A = E, class = void, typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<A, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // explicit, value
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        detail::is_constructible<U&, A>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value &&
+        !detail::is_constructible<E, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    explicit constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // explicit, error
+    template<class... A, class En2 = void, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        !detail::is_constructible<U&, A...>::value &&
+        detail::is_constructible<E, A...>::value &&
+        sizeof...(A) >= 1
+        >::type>
+    explicit constexpr result( A&&... a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A...>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a)... )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // tagged, value
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_constructible<U&, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    constexpr result( in_place_value_t, A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // tagged, error
+    template<class... A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_constructible<E, A...>::value
+        >::type>
+    constexpr result( in_place_error_t, A&&... a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A...>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a)... )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // converting
+    template<class U2, class E2, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<U2&, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, U2&>::value &&
+        std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<result<U2&, E2> const&, U&>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR result( result<U2&, E2> const& r2 )
+        noexcept(
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, U2&>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E2>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, r2.error() )
+    {
+        if( r2 )
+        {
+            this->emplace( *r2 );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // queries
+
+    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 0;
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool has_error() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 1;
+    }
+
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 0;
+    }
+
+    // checked value access
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const
+    {
+        if( has_value() )
+        {
+            return *variant2::unsafe_get<0>( v_ );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // unchecked value access
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U* operator->() const noexcept
+    {
+        return has_value()? variant2::unsafe_get<0>( v_ ): 0;
+    }
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& operator*() const noexcept
+    {
+        U* p = operator->();
+
+        BOOST_ASSERT( p != 0 );
+
+        return *p;
+    }
+
+    // error access
+
+    constexpr E error() const &
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
+    }
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
+    // emplace
+
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        detail::is_constructible<U&, A>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& emplace( A&& a )
+    {
+        return *v_.template emplace<0>( &static_cast<U&>( a ) );
+    }
+
+    // swap
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result& r )
+        noexcept( noexcept( v_.swap( r.v_ ) ) )
+    {
+        v_.swap( r.v_ );
+    }
+
+    friend BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result & r1, result & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( r1.swap( r2 ) ) )
+    {
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+    }
+
+    // equality
+
+    friend constexpr bool operator==( result const & r1, result const & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( r1 && r2? *r1 == *r2: r1.v_ == r2.v_ ) )
+    {
+        return r1 && r2? *r1 == *r2: r1.v_ == r2.v_;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool operator!=( result const & r1, result const & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( !( r1 == r2 ) ) )
+    {
+        return !( r1 == r2 );
+    }
+};
+
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 

test/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -163,3 +163,7 @@ boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_emplace.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct4.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct4.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct5.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_move.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct6.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct7.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct5.cpp)

test/Jamfile.v2

@@ -193,3 +193,7 @@ run result_emplace.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_error_construct4.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_value_construct4.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_value_construct5.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_move.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct6.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct7.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_construct5.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;

test/result_convert_construct.cpp

@@ -181,6 +181,34 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x = 5;
+
+        result<int&> r( x );
+        result<int const&> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 5 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 6;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x );
+        result<int const&> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 6 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 7;
+
+        result<int const&> r2 = result<int&>( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 7 );
+    }
+
     {
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<long>, result<int>>));
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<result<int>, result<long>>));
@@ -196,6 +224,18 @@ int main()
 
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int, void*>, result<int, int>>));
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<int, int>, result<int, void*>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<int&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<result<int&>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<int>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<long&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<long&>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<long const&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<long const&>, result<int const&>>));
     }
 
     return boost::report_errors();

test/result_copy_assign.cpp

@@ -682,5 +682,151 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r, r2 );
     }
 
+    // reference
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+        int const x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+        int const x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int const &> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int const &> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_copy_construct.cpp

@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2( r );
@@ -177,5 +179,121 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r, r2 );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_default_construct.cpp

@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ int main()
 
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<Y>>));
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<Y, int>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int&, int>>));
     }
 
     return boost::report_errors();

test/result_emplace.cpp

@@ -172,5 +172,47 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 2 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, Y> r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 1 );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_eq.cpp

@@ -149,5 +149,83 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r1( 1, generic_category() );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+        X x2( 2 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+        X x2( 1 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<X&, Y> r1( in_place_error, 1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( in_place_error, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( in_place_error, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_errc_construct.cpp

@@ -19,5 +19,14 @@ int main()
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<bool>>));
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, errc::errc_t>));
 
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<int const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<double const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<bool const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_error_access.cpp

@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( "s" ).error().v_), 0 );
     }
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
 
@@ -208,5 +210,71 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<void>( ec ).error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( x1 ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( ec ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( ec ).error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_error_construct3.cpp

@@ -157,5 +157,27 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
     }
 
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_error_construct5.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    X(): v_() { ++instances; }
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v1, int v2 ): v_( v1+v2 ) { ++instances; }
+    X( int v1, int v2, int v3 ): v_( v1+v2+v3 ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& r ): v_( r.v_ ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r = ec;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r( EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<error_code&> r( in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<error_code&> r( in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<std::string&, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, X> r( 1, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, X> r( 1, 2, 3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2+3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X&, X> r( in_place_error, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, error_code>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<error_code, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<std::string&, X>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<std::string&, X>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, X>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int&, X>>));
+
+        // There's an ambiguity here between int& and X, but since is_convertible
+        // is true, is_constructible can't be false.
+
+        // BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, X>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int&, X>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_error_move.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Klemens Morgenstern
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v = 0 ): v_( v ) {}
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    X( X && ) = default;
+    X& operator=( X && ) = default;
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<std::string, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<std::string, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r( "s" );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<std::string, X>( "s" ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<std::string, X>( "s" ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( "s" ).error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        result<void, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<void, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<void, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<void, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, X> r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<void, X>().has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<void, X>().has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<void, X>().error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        result<double&, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<double&, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<double&, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<double&, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        double x = 1.0;
+
+        result<double&, X> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        double x = 1.0;
+
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<double&, X>( x ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<double&, X>( x ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<double&, X>( x ).error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_move_assign.cpp

@@ -508,6 +508,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2;
@@ -600,5 +602,110 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x1 );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r2( x1 );
+
+        r2 = result<int&>( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = result<int&>( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_move_construct.cpp

@@ -207,6 +207,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2( std::move( r ) );
@@ -245,5 +247,149 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r2(( result<int&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r2(( result<int const&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r2(( result<X&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r2(( result<X const&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_swap.cpp

@@ -259,5 +259,55 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r1( 1, generic_category() ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_typedefs.cpp

@@ -12,11 +12,28 @@ struct X {};
 int main()
 {
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int>::value_type, int );
-    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X>::value_type, X );
-    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void>::value_type, void );
-
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X>::value_type, X );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void>::value_type, void );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&>::value_type, int& );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int, X>::value_type, int );
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int, X>::error_type, X );
 
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X, X>::value_type, X );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void, X>::value_type, void );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&, X>::value_type, int& );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&, X>::error_type, X );
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_value_access.cpp

@@ -336,6 +336,8 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<X, Y>( ec ).operator->()), static_cast<X*>(0) );
     }
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
 
@@ -497,5 +499,179 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), &*r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), &*r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( x1 ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !result<int&>( x1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *result<int&>( x1 ), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).operator->(), &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( ec ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( result<int&>( ec ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( result<int&>( ec ).value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( ec ).operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&, std::error_code> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, errc::errc_t> const r( in_place_error, errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::errc> const r( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::exception_ptr> const r( std::make_exception_ptr( E2() ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+#if defined(BOOST_CLANG_VERSION) && BOOST_CLANG_VERSION < 30600
+#else
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), E2 );
+#endif
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::exception_ptr> const r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::bad_exception );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_value_construct3.cpp

@@ -114,5 +114,29 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        using R = result<int&, int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_value_construct6.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 1;
+        result<int&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, int>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, float>, int&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<X&>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_construct7.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 1;
+        result<int const&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 1;
+        result<int const&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int const&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<X const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X const&>, X const>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<X const, result<X const&>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}