Add result<U&, E> specialization. Fixes #72.

Closes #108.

.drone.jsonnet

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+local library = "system";
+
+local triggers =
+{
+    branch: [ "master", "develop", "feature/*" ]
+};
+
+local ubsan = { UBSAN: '1', UBSAN_OPTIONS: 'print_stacktrace=1' };
+local asan = { ASAN: '1' };
+
+local linux_pipeline(name, image, environment, packages = "", sources = [], arch = "amd64") =
+{
+    name: name,
+    kind: "pipeline",
+    type: "docker",
+    trigger: triggers,
+    platform:
+    {
+        os: "linux",
+        arch: arch
+    },
+    steps:
+    [
+        {
+            name: "everything",
+            image: image,
+            environment: environment,
+            commands:
+            [
+                'set -e',
+                'wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | apt-key add -',
+            ] +
+            (if sources != [] then [ ('apt-add-repository "' + source + '"') for source in sources ] else []) +
+            (if packages != "" then [ 'apt-get update', 'apt-get -y install ' + packages ] else []) +
+            [
+                'export LIBRARY=' + library,
+                './.drone/drone.sh',
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+};
+
+local macos_pipeline(name, environment, xcode_version = "12.2", osx_version = "catalina", arch = "amd64") =
+{
+    name: name,
+    kind: "pipeline",
+    type: "exec",
+    trigger: triggers,
+    platform: {
+        "os": "darwin",
+        "arch": arch
+    },
+    node: {
+        "os": osx_version
+    },
+    steps: [
+        {
+            name: "everything",
+            environment: environment + { "DEVELOPER_DIR": "/Applications/Xcode-" + xcode_version + ".app/Contents/Developer" },
+            commands:
+            [
+                'export LIBRARY=' + library,
+                './.drone/drone.sh',
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+};
+
+local windows_pipeline(name, image, environment, arch = "amd64") =
+{
+    name: name,
+    kind: "pipeline",
+    type: "docker",
+    trigger: triggers,
+    platform:
+    {
+        os: "windows",
+        arch: arch
+    },
+    "steps":
+    [
+        {
+            name: "everything",
+            image: image,
+            environment: environment,
+            commands:
+            [
+                'cmd /C .drone\\\\drone.bat ' + library,
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+};
+
+[
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 14.04 GCC 4.4",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1404:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-4.4', CXXSTD: '98,0x' },
+        "g++-4.4",
+        [ "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test" ],
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 14.04 GCC 4.6",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1404:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-4.6', CXXSTD: '98,0x' },
+        "g++-4.6",
+        [ "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test" ],
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 14.04 GCC 4.7",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1404:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-4.7', CXXSTD: '98,0x' },
+        "g++-4.7",
+        [ "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test" ],
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 14.04 GCC 4.8*",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1404:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 14.04 GCC 4.9",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1404:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-4.9', CXXSTD: '03,11' },
+        "g++-4.9",
+        [ "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test" ],
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 16.04 GCC 5*",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1604:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 18.04 GCC 6",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1804:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-6', CXXSTD: '03,11,14' },
+        "g++-6",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 18.04 GCC 7* 32/64",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1804:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17', ADDRMD: '32,64' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 18.04 GCC 8",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1804:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-8', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17' },
+        "g++-8",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 9* 32",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a', ADDRMD: '32' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 9* 64",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a', ADDRMD: '64' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 9* ARM64",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:multiarch",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a' },
+        arch="arm64",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 9* S390x",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:multiarch",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a' },
+        arch="s390x",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 10 32",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-10', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20', ADDRMD: '32' },
+        "g++-10-multilib",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 20.04 GCC 10 64",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2004:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-10', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20', ADDRMD: '64' },
+        "g++-10-multilib",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 GCC 11* 32",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a', ADDRMD: '32' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 GCC 11* 64",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,2a', ADDRMD: '64' },
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 GCC 12 32 ASAN",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-12', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20,2b', ADDRMD: '32' } + asan,
+        "g++-12-multilib",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 GCC 12 64 ASAN",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'gcc', COMPILER: 'g++-12', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20,2b', ADDRMD: '64' } + asan,
+        "g++-12-multilib",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 16.04 Clang 3.5",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1604:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-3.5', CXXSTD: '03,11' },
+        "clang-3.5",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 16.04 Clang 3.6",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1604:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-3.6', CXXSTD: '03,11,14' },
+        "clang-3.6",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 16.04 Clang 3.7",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1604:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-3.7', CXXSTD: '03,11,14' },
+        "clang-3.7",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 16.04 Clang 3.8",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu1604:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-3.8', CXXSTD: '03,11,14' },
+        "clang-3.8",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 Clang 13",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-13', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20' },
+        "clang-13",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 Clang 14 UBSAN",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-14', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20' } + ubsan,
+        "clang-14",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 Clang 14 ASAN",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-14', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20' } + asan,
+        "clang-14",
+    ),
+
+    linux_pipeline(
+        "Linux 22.04 Clang 15",
+        "cppalliance/droneubuntu2204:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++-15', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,17,20,2b' },
+        "clang-15",
+        ["deb http://apt.llvm.org/jammy/ llvm-toolchain-jammy-15 main"],
+    ),
+
+    macos_pipeline(
+        "MacOS 10.15 Xcode 12.2 UBSAN",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,1z' } + ubsan,
+    ),
+
+    macos_pipeline(
+        "MacOS 10.15 Xcode 12.2 ASAN",
+        { TOOLSET: 'clang', COMPILER: 'clang++', CXXSTD: '03,11,14,1z' } + asan,
+    ),
+
+    windows_pipeline(
+        "Windows VS2015 msvc-14.0",
+        "cppalliance/dronevs2015",
+        { TOOLSET: 'msvc-14.0', CXXSTD: '14,latest' },
+    ),
+
+    windows_pipeline(
+        "Windows VS2017 msvc-14.1",
+        "cppalliance/dronevs2017",
+        { TOOLSET: 'msvc-14.1', CXXSTD: '14,17,latest' },
+    ),
+
+    windows_pipeline(
+        "Windows VS2019 msvc-14.2",
+        "cppalliance/dronevs2019",
+        { TOOLSET: 'msvc-14.2', CXXSTD: '14,17,20,latest' },
+    ),
+
+    windows_pipeline(
+        "Windows VS2022 msvc-14.3",
+        "cppalliance/dronevs2022:1",
+        { TOOLSET: 'msvc-14.3', CXXSTD: '14,17,20,latest' },
+    ),
+]

.drone/drone.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+@REM Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov
+@REM Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+@REM https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+@ECHO ON
+
+set LIBRARY=%1
+set DRONE_BUILD_DIR=%CD%
+
+set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+if "%DRONE_BRANCH%" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+cd ..
+git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+cd boost-root
+git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+xcopy /s /e /q %DRONE_BUILD_DIR% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py %LIBRARY%
+cmd /c bootstrap
+b2 -d0 headers
+
+if not "%CXXSTD%" == "" set CXXSTD=cxxstd=%CXXSTD%
+if not "%ADDRMD%" == "" set ADDRMD=address-model=%ADDRMD%
+b2 -j3 libs/%LIBRARY%/test toolset=%TOOLSET% %CXXSTD% %ADDRMD% variant=debug,release embed-manifest-via=linker

.drone/drone.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+set -ex
+
+DRONE_BUILD_DIR=$(pwd)
+
+BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+if [ "$DRONE_BRANCH" = "master" ]; then BOOST_BRANCH=master; fi
+
+cd ..
+git clone -b $BOOST_BRANCH --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+cd boost-root
+git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+cp -r $DRONE_BUILD_DIR/* libs/$LIBRARY
+python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py $LIBRARY
+./bootstrap.sh
+./b2 -d0 headers
+
+echo "using $TOOLSET : : $COMPILER ;" > ~/user-config.jam
+./b2 -j3 libs/$LIBRARY/test toolset=$TOOLSET cxxstd=$CXXSTD variant=debug,release ${ADDRMD:+address-model=$ADDRMD} ${UBSAN:+undefined-sanitizer=norecover debug-symbols=on} ${ASAN:+address-sanitizer=norecover debug-symbols=on} ${LINKFLAGS:+linkflags=$LINKFLAGS}

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -19,22 +19,26 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - toolset: gcc-4.8
             cxxstd: "03,11"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: g++-4.8
           - toolset: gcc-5
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,1z"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: g++-5
           - toolset: gcc-6
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,1z"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: g++-6
           - toolset: gcc-7
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
           - toolset: gcc-8
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
             install: g++-8
           - toolset: gcc-9
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
@@ -47,30 +51,42 @@ jobs:
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
             os: ubuntu-20.04
             install: g++-11
+          - toolset: gcc-12
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            install: g++-12
+          - toolset: gcc-13
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:23.04
+            install: g++-13
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-3.9
             cxxstd: "03,11,14"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: clang-3.9
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-4.0
             cxxstd: "03,11,14"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: clang-4.0
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-5.0
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,1z"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:18.04
             install: clang-5.0
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-6.0
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
             install: clang-6.0
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-7
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17"
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
             install: clang-7
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-8
@@ -92,20 +108,60 @@ jobs:
             os: ubuntu-20.04
           - toolset: clang
             compiler: clang++-12
-            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20"
             os: ubuntu-20.04
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-13
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            install: clang-13
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-14
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            install: clang-14
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-15
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+            install: clang-15
+          - toolset: clang
+            compiler: clang++-16
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            container: ubuntu:23.04
+            install: clang-16
           - toolset: clang
             cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,2a"
-            os: macos-10.15
+            os: macos-11
+          - toolset: clang
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: macos-12
+          - toolset: clang
+            cxxstd: "03,11,14,17,20,2b"
+            os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+    container: ${{matrix.container}}
+
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: bash
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup container environment
+        if: matrix.container
+        run: |
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get -y install sudo python3 git g++
 
       - name: Install packages
         if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt install ${{matrix.install}}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         run: |
@@ -125,7 +181,7 @@ jobs:
           cd boost-root
           cp -r $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/* libs/$LIBRARY
           git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
-          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" $LIBRARY
+          python3 tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" $LIBRARY
           ./bootstrap.sh
           ./b2 -d0 headers
 
@@ -144,15 +200,19 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - toolset: msvc-14.1
-            cxxstd: "14,17,latest"
+          - toolset: msvc-14.0
+            cxxstd: "14"
             addrmd: 32,64
-            os: windows-2016
+            os: windows-2019
           - toolset: msvc-14.2
-            cxxstd: "14,17,latest"
+            cxxstd: "14,17,20,latest"
             addrmd: 32,64
             os: windows-2019
           - toolset: msvc-14.3
+            cxxstd: "14,17,20,latest"
+            addrmd: 32,64
+            os: windows-2022
+          - toolset: clang-win
             cxxstd: "14,17,latest"
             addrmd: 32,64
             os: windows-2022
@@ -164,7 +224,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         shell: cmd
@@ -192,25 +252,27 @@ jobs:
         shell: cmd
         run: |
           cd ../boost-root
-          b2 -j3 libs/%LIBRARY%/test toolset=${{matrix.toolset}} cxxstd=${{matrix.cxxstd}} address-model=${{matrix.addrmd}} variant=debug,release
+          b2 -j3 libs/%LIBRARY%/test toolset=${{matrix.toolset}} cxxstd=${{matrix.cxxstd}} address-model=${{matrix.addrmd}} variant=debug,release embed-manifest-via=linker
 
   posix-cmake-subdir:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - os: macos-10.15
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - os: macos-11
+          - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install packages
         if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt install ${{matrix.install}}
+        run: sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         run: |
@@ -245,18 +307,20 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - os: macos-10.15
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - os: macos-11
+          - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install packages
         if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt install ${{matrix.install}}
+        run: sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         run: |
@@ -301,18 +365,20 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - os: macos-10.15
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - os: macos-11
+          - os: macos-12
+          - os: macos-13
 
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: Install packages
         if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt install ${{matrix.install}}
+        run: sudo apt-get -y install ${{matrix.install}}
 
       - name: Setup Boost
         run: |
@@ -349,3 +415,183 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           cd ../boost-root/__build__
           ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error
+
+  windows-cmake-subdir:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Use library with add_subdirectory (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_subdir_test
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake ..
+          cmake --build . --config Debug
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Use library with add_subdirectory (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_subdir_test/__build__
+          cmake --build . --config Release
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release
+
+  windows-cmake-install:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=%LIBRARY% -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+
+      - name: Install (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target install --config Debug
+
+      - name: Install (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target install --config Release
+
+      - name: Use the installed library (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_install_test && mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+          cmake --build . --config Debug
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Use the installed library (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/libs/%LIBRARY%/test/cmake_install_test/__build__
+          cmake --build . --config Release
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release
+
+  windows-cmake-test:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - os: windows-2019
+          - os: windows-2022
+
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup Boost
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: %GITHUB_REPOSITORY%
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_REPOSITORY%") do set LIBRARY=%%~nxi
+          echo LIBRARY: %LIBRARY%
+          echo LIBRARY=%LIBRARY%>>%GITHUB_ENV%
+          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: %GITHUB_BASE_REF%
+          echo GITHUB_REF: %GITHUB_REF%
+          if "%GITHUB_BASE_REF%" == "" set GITHUB_BASE_REF=%GITHUB_REF%
+          set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
+          for /f %%i in ("%GITHUB_BASE_REF%") do if "%%~nxi" == "master" set BOOST_BRANCH=master
+          echo BOOST_BRANCH: %BOOST_BRANCH%
+          cd ..
+          git clone -b %BOOST_BRANCH% --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
+          cd boost-root
+          xcopy /s /e /q %GITHUB_WORKSPACE% libs\%LIBRARY%\
+          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
+          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" %LIBRARY%
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root
+          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+          cmake -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=%LIBRARY% -DBUILD_TESTING=ON ..
+
+      - name: Build tests (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target tests --config Debug
+
+      - name: Run tests (Debug)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Debug
+
+      - name: Build tests (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          cmake --build . --target tests --config Release
+
+      - name: Run tests (Release)
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          cd ../boost-root/__build__
+          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -C Release

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 # See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.16)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.20)
 
 project(boost_system VERSION "${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION}" LANGUAGES CXX)
 
@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ target_link_libraries(boost_system
     Boost::winapi
 )
 
+if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 3.18 AND CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
+
+  file(GLOB_RECURSE boost_system_IDEFILES CONFIGURE_DEPENDS include/*.hpp)
+  source_group(TREE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include FILES ${boost_system_IDEFILES} PREFIX "Header Files")
+  list(APPEND boost_system_IDEFILES extra/boost_system.natvis)
+  target_sources(boost_system PRIVATE ${boost_system_IDEFILES})
+
+endif()
+
 if(BUILD_TESTING)
 
   add_subdirectory(test)

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Boost.System
+
+The Boost.System library, part of [Boost C++ Libraries](https://boost.org),
+implements an extensible framework for error reporting in the form of an
+`error_code` class and supporting facilities.
+
+It has been proposed for the C++11 standard, has been accepted, and
+is now available as part of the standard library in the `<system_error>`
+header. However, the Boost implementation has continued to evolve and
+gain enhancements and additional functionality, such as support for
+attaching [source locations](https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/assert/doc/html/assert.html#source_location_support)
+to `error_code`, and a `result<T>` class that can carry either a value
+or an error code.
+
+See [the documentation of System](http://boost.org/libs/system) for more
+information.
+
+Since `<system_error>` is a relatively undocumented portion of the C++
+standard library, the documentation of Boost.System may be useful to you
+even if you use the standard components.
+
+## License
+
+Distributed under the
+[Boost Software License, Version 1.0](http://boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).

appveyor.yml

@@ -22,20 +22,8 @@ environment:
       ADDRMD: 32,64
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2017
       TOOLSET: msvc-14.1
-      CXXSTD: 14,17
-      ADDRMD: 32,64
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2017
-      TOOLSET: clang-win
-      CXXSTD: 14,17
-      ADDRMD: 64
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2019
-      TOOLSET: msvc-14.2
       CXXSTD: 14,17,latest
       ADDRMD: 32,64
-    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2019
-      TOOLSET: clang-win
-      CXXSTD: 14,17,latest
-      ADDRMD: 64
     - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
       ADDPATH: C:\cygwin\bin;
       TOOLSET: gcc
@@ -52,6 +40,12 @@ environment:
       ADDPATH: C:\mingw-w64\x86_64-6.3.0-posix-seh-rt_v5-rev1\mingw64\bin;
       TOOLSET: gcc
       CXXSTD: 03,11,14,1z
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
+      CMAKE: 1
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2017
+      CMAKE_SUBDIR: 1
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2019
+      CMAKE_INSTALL: 1
 
 install:
   - set BOOST_BRANCH=develop
@@ -71,4 +65,27 @@ test_script:
   - PATH=%ADDPATH%%PATH%
   - if not "%CXXSTD%" == "" set CXXSTD=cxxstd=%CXXSTD%
   - if not "%ADDRMD%" == "" set ADDRMD=address-model=%ADDRMD%
-  - b2 -j3 libs/system/test toolset=%TOOLSET% %CXXSTD% %ADDRMD% variant=debug,release embed-manifest-via=linker
+  - if "%CMAKE%%CMAKE_SUBDIR%%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  b2 -j3 libs/system/test toolset=%TOOLSET% %CXXSTD% %ADDRMD% variant=debug,release embed-manifest-via=linker
+
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  cmake -DBUILD_TESTING=ON -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=system -DBoost_VERBOSE=ON ..
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  cmake --build . --target tests -j 3 --config Debug & ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -j 3 -C Debug
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  cmake --build . --target tests -j 3 --config Release & ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -j 3 -C Release
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  cmake --build . --target tests -j 3 --config MinSizeRel & ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -j 3 -C MinSizeRel
+  - if not "%CMAKE%" == ""  cmake --build . --target tests -j 3 --config RelWithDebInfo & ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error -j 3 -C RelWithDebInfo
+
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cd libs/system/test/cmake_subdir_test && mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cmake ..
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cmake --build . --config Debug && cmake --build . --target check --config Debug
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cmake --build . --config Release && cmake --build . --target check --config Release
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cmake --build . --config MinSizeRel && cmake --build . --target check --config MinSizeRel
+  - if not "%CMAKE_SUBDIR%" == ""  cmake --build . --config RelWithDebInfo && cmake --build . --target check --config RelWithDebInfo
+
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake -DBOOST_INCLUDE_LIBRARIES=system -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake --build . --target install --config Debug
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake --build . --target install --config Release
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cd ../libs/system/test/cmake_install_test && mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=C:/cmake-prefix ..
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake --build . --config Debug && cmake --build . --target check --config Debug
+  - if not "%CMAKE_INSTALL%" == ""  cmake --build . --config Release && cmake --build . --target check --config Release

doc/system/changes.adoc

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ////
-Copyright 2018-2021 Peter Dimov
+Copyright 2018-2022 Peter Dimov
 Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 ////
@@ -8,6 +8,33 @@ https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 # Revision History
 :idprefix:
 
+## Changes in Boost 1.81
+
+* The macro `BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS` can now be defined to disable
+  the use of `<mutex>` (e.g. on single-threaded libstdc++).
+* Added `value_type`, `error_type`, `in_place_value`, `in_place_error`
+  to `result<>`.
+* Added `emplace` to `result<>`.
+
+## Changes in Boost 1.80
+
+* When an `error_code` is converted to `std::error_code` and then back
+  to `error_code`, the original is now restored, if possible.
+* Reworked the conversion from `error_category` to `std::error_category`
+  to avoid the one-time allocation that shows up on leak checkers.
+* Added a constructor that allows replacing the source location of an
+  `error_code`, and a corresponding `assign`.
+* Added a converting constructor to `result`.
+
+## Changes in Boost 1.79
+
+* Added a `boost::source_location` parameter to `throw_exception_from_error`.
+* Added `throw_exception_from_error` overloads for `errc::errc_t`,
+  `std::error_code`, `std::errc`, `std::exception_ptr`.
+* `result<T>::value` now automatically supplies `BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION` to
+  `throw_exception_from_error` via a default argument.
+* Added an `errc::make_error_code` overload taking a source location.
+
 ## Changes in Boost 1.78
 
 * Added support for source locations to `error_code`.

doc/system/copyright.adoc

@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 This documentation is
 
 * Copyright 2003-2017 Beman Dawes
-* Copyright 2018-2021 Peter Dimov
+* Copyright 2018-2022 Peter Dimov
 
 and is distributed under the http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt[Boost Software License, Version 1.0].

doc/system/reference.adoc

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ////
 Copyright 2003-2017 Beman Dawes
-Copyright 2018-2021 Peter Dimov
+Copyright 2018-2022 Peter Dimov
 
 Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ When `BOOST_SYSTEM_USE_UTF8` is defined, on Windows the library returns
 UTF-8 messages using code page `CP_UTF8` instead of the default `CP_ACP`.
 This macro has no effect on POSIX.
 
+When `BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS` is defined, the library assumes that
+the current platform doesn't support multiple threads and disables the use
+of the standard header `<mutex>`, eliminating the mutex locks. The single
+threaded `libstdc++` is one such platform.
+
 ## Deprecated Names
 
 In the process of adding Boost.System to the {cpp}11 standard library, the
@@ -185,9 +190,13 @@ namespace errc {
 template<> struct is_error_condition_enum<errc::errc_t>
   { static const bool value = true; };
 
-constexpr error_code make_error_code( errc::errc_t e ) noexcept;
 constexpr error_condition make_error_condition( errc::errc_t e ) noexcept;
 
+constexpr error_code make_error_code( errc::errc_t e ) noexcept;
+
+error_code make_error_code( errc::errc_t e,
+  boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
+
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 ```
@@ -256,6 +265,38 @@ void my_api_function( boost::system::error_code& ec )
 }
 ```
 
+```
+constexpr error_code make_error_code( errc::errc_t e,
+  boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Returns: :: `error_code( e, generic_category(), loc )`.
+
+Same as the above overload, but takes a source location.
+* {blank}
++
+```
+void my_api_function( boost::system::error_code& ec )
+{
+    void* p = std::malloc( 16 );
+
+    if( p == 0 )
+    {
+        // return ENOMEM
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc =
+          BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        ec = make_error_code( boost::system::errc::out_of_memory, &loc );
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // use p
+}
+```
+
 ## <boost/system/{zwsp}error_category.hpp>
 
 ### error_category
@@ -574,9 +615,8 @@ public:
     template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
       constexpr error_code( ErrorCodeEnum e ) noexcept;
 
-    template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
-      error_code( ErrorCodeEnum e, boost::source_location const * loc )
-        noexcept;
+    error_code( error_code const& ec,
+      boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
 
     error_code( std::error_code const& ec ) noexcept;
 
@@ -590,9 +630,8 @@ public:
     template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
       constexpr error_code & operator=( ErrorCodeEnum e ) noexcept;
 
-    template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
-      void assign( ErrorCodeEnum e,
-        boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
+    void assign( error_code const& ec,
+      boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
 
     constexpr void clear() noexcept;
 
@@ -721,17 +760,17 @@ Ensures: :: `*this == make_error_code( e )`.
 Remarks: :: This constructor is only enabled when `is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value` is `true`.
 
 ```
-template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
-  error_code( ErrorCodeEnum e, boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
+error_code( error_code const& ec,
+  boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
 +
-Requires: :: `loc` points to a valid `boost::source_location` object with static storage duration.
-Ensures: :: `*this == make_error_code( e )`.
-Remarks: :: This constructor is only enabled when `is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value` is `true`.
-  When `make_error_code( e )` is not a default-constructed `error_code` and doesn't wrap a
-  `std::error_code`, `has_location()` is `true` and `&location()` is `loc`.
+Requires: :: `loc` points to a valid `boost::source_location` object with static storage duration, or is `nullptr`.
+Ensures: :: `*this == ec`.
+Remarks: :: When `ec` is a default-constructed `error_code` or wraps a `std::error_code`,
+  or when `loc` is `nullptr`, `*this` stores no location (`has_location()` is `false`).
+  Otherwise, `*this` stores `loc` (`has_location()` is `true` and `&location()` is `loc`.)
 
 ```
 error_code( std::error_code const & ec ) noexcept;
@@ -772,16 +811,13 @@ Ensures: :: `*this == make_error_code( e )`.
 Remarks: :: This operator is only enabled when `is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value` is `true`.
 
 ```
-template<class ErrorCodeEnum>
-  void assign( ErrorCodeEnum e,
-    boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
+void assign( error_code const& ec,
+  boost::source_location const * loc ) noexcept;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
 +
-Requires: :: `loc` points to a valid `boost::source_location` object with static storage duration.
-Effects: :: `*this = error_code( e, loc )`.
-Remarks: :: This function is only enabled when `is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value` is `true`.
+Effects: :: `*this = error_code( ec, loc )`.
 
 ```
 constexpr void clear() noexcept;
@@ -1454,7 +1490,20 @@ namespace system {
 
 // throw_exception_from_error
 
-BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e );
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::error_code const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( errc::errc_t const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::errc const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::exception_ptr & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
 
 // in_place_*
 
@@ -1486,13 +1535,57 @@ If `result<T, E>` is used with other error types, the user is expected to provid
 an appropriate overload of `throw_exception_from_error` in the namespace of `E`.
 
 ```
-BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e );
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
 +
 Effects: ::
-  `boost::throw_exception( system_error( e ) )`.
+  `boost::throw_with_location( system_error( e ), loc )`.
+
+```
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::error_code const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Effects: ::
+  `boost::throw_with_location( std::system_error( e ), loc )`.
+
+```
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( errc::errc_t const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Effects: ::
+  `boost::throw_with_location( system_error( make_error_code( e ) ), loc )`.
+
+```
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::errc const & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Effects: ::
+  `boost::throw_with_location( std::system_error( make_error_code( e ) ), loc )`.
+
+```
+BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::exception_ptr & e,
+  boost::source_location const & loc );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Effects: ::
++
+[disc]
+** If `e` isn't null, `std::rethrow_exception( e )`.
+** Otherwise, `boost::throw_with_location( std::bad_exception(), loc )`.
 
 ### result<T, E>
 
@@ -1507,6 +1600,12 @@ template<class T, class E = error_code> class result
 {
 public:
 
+    using value_type = T;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
     // constructors
 
     constexpr result();
@@ -1520,6 +1619,12 @@ public:
     template<class... A>
       constexpr result( in_place_error_t, A&&... a );
 
+    template<class T2, class E2>
+      constexpr result( result<T2, E2> const& r2 );
+
+    template<class T2, class E2>
+      constexpr result( result<T2, E2>&& r2 );
+
     // queries
 
     constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept;
@@ -1528,10 +1633,17 @@ public:
 
     // checked value access
 
-    constexpr T& value() & ;
-    constexpr T const& value() const& ;
-    constexpr T&& value() && ;
-    constexpr T const&& value() const&& ;
+    constexpr T& value( boost::source_location const & loc =
+      BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) & ;
+
+    constexpr T const& value( boost::source_location const & loc =
+      BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const& ;
+
+    constexpr T&& value( boost::source_location const & loc =
+      BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) && ;
+
+    constexpr T const&& value( boost::source_location const & loc =
+      BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const&& ;
 
     // unchecked value access
 
@@ -1545,7 +1657,13 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const;
+    constexpr E error() const &;
+    constexpr E error() &&;
+
+    // emplace
+
+    template<class... A>
+      constexpr T& emplace( A&&... a );
 
     // swap
 
@@ -1621,6 +1739,30 @@ Ensures: ::
 Remarks: ::
   This constructor is only enabled when `std::is_constructible<E, A...>::value` is `true`.
 
+```
+template<class T2, class E2>
+  constexpr result( result<T2, E2> const& r2 );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Ensures: ::
+  If `r2.has_value()` is `true`, `*this` holds the value `T( *r2 )`, otherwise `*this` holds the value `E( r2.error() )`.
+Remarks: ::
+  This constructor is only enabled when `std::is_convertible<T2, T>::value && std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value` is `true`.
+
+```
+template<class T2, class E2>
+  constexpr result( result<T2, E2>&& r2 );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Ensures: ::
+  If `r2.has_value()` is `true`, `*this` holds the value `T( std::move( *r2 ) )`, otherwise `*this` holds the value `E( r2.error() )`.
+Remarks: ::
+  This constructor is only enabled when `std::is_convertible<T2, T>::value && std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value` is `true`.
+
 #### Queries
 
 ```
@@ -1653,10 +1795,17 @@ Returns: ::
 #### Checked Value Access
 
 ```
-constexpr T& value() & ;
-constexpr T const& value() const& ;
-constexpr T&& value() && ;
-constexpr T const&& value() const&& ;
+constexpr T& value(
+  boost::source_location const & loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) & ;
+
+constexpr T const& value(
+  boost::source_location const & loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const& ;
+
+constexpr T&& value(
+  boost::source_location const & loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) && ;
+
+constexpr T const&& value(
+  boost::source_location const & loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const&& ;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
@@ -1664,7 +1813,7 @@ constexpr T const&& value() const&& ;
 Effects: ::
   If `*this` holds a value, returns a reference to it. Otherwise,
   calls `throw_exception_from_error`, passing it a reference to
-  the held error.
+  the held error, and `loc`.
 
 #### Unchecked Value Access
 
@@ -1703,7 +1852,8 @@ Returns: ::
 #### Error Access
 
 ```
-constexpr E error() const;
+constexpr E error() const &;
+constexpr E error() &&;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
@@ -1711,6 +1861,20 @@ constexpr E error() const;
 Effects: ::
   If `*this` holds an error, returns it. Otherwise, returns `E()`.
 
+#### emplace
+
+```
+template<class... A>
+  constexpr T& emplace( A&&... a );
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Ensures: ::
+  `*this` holds the value `T( std::forward<A>(a)... )`.
+Returns: ::
+  A reference to the contained value.
+
 #### swap
 
 ```
@@ -1779,6 +1943,12 @@ template<class E> class result<void, E>
 {
 public:
 
+    using value_type = void;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
     // constructors
 
     constexpr result() noexcept;
@@ -1799,7 +1969,8 @@ public:
 
     // checked value access
 
-    constexpr void value() const;
+    constexpr void value( boost::source_location const & loc =
+      BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const;
 
     // unchecked value access
 
@@ -1810,7 +1981,12 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const;
+    constexpr E error() const &;
+    constexpr E error() &&;
+
+    // emplace
+
+    constexpr void emplace();
 
     // swap
 
@@ -1912,14 +2088,15 @@ Returns: ::
 #### Checked Value Access
 
 ```
-constexpr void value() const;
+constexpr void value(
+  boost::source_location const & loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
 +
 Effects: ::
   If `*this` doesn't hold a value, calls `throw_exception_from_error`,
-  passing it a reference to the held error.
+  passing it a reference to the held error, and `loc`.
 
 #### Unchecked Value Access
 
@@ -1946,7 +2123,8 @@ Effects: ::
 #### Error Access
 
 ```
-constexpr E error() const;
+constexpr E error() const &;
+constexpr E error() &&;
 ```
 [none]
 * {blank}
@@ -1954,6 +2132,17 @@ constexpr E error() const;
 Effects: ::
   If `*this` holds an error, returns it. Otherwise, returns `E()`.
 
+#### emplace
+
+```
+constexpr void emplace();
+```
+[none]
+* {blank}
++
+Ensures: ::
+  `*this` holds an unspecified value.
+
 #### swap
 
 ```

extra/boost_system.natvis

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<AutoVisualizer xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/vstudio/debugger/natvis/2010">
+
+    <Type Name="boost::system::error_category">
+        <DisplayString Condition="id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd0">[generic]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd1">[system]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd2">[interop]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="id_ != 0">[{id_,x}]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString>@{((uintptr_t)this),x}</DisplayString>
+    </Type>
+
+    <Type Name="boost::system::error_code">
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 0">{d1_.val_} [system] ✓</DisplayString>
+
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 1 &amp;&amp; ((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Mycat->_Addr==1">{((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Myval} [std:future]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 1 &amp;&amp; ((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Mycat->_Addr==3">{((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Myval} [std:generic]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 1 &amp;&amp; ((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Mycat->_Addr==5">{((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Myval} [std:iostream]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 1 &amp;&amp; ((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Mycat->_Addr==7">{((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Myval} [std:system]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="lc_flags_ == 1">{((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Myval} std@{((uintptr_t)((std::error_code*)d2_)->_Mycat),x}</DisplayString>
+
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd0 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ == 2 || (lc_flags_ &gt; 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 0 )))">{d1_.val_} [generic] ✓</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd1 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ == 2 || (lc_flags_ &gt; 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 0 )))">{d1_.val_} [system] ✓</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd2 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ == 2 || (lc_flags_ &gt; 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 0 )))">{d1_.val_} [interop] ✓</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ != 0 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ == 2 || (lc_flags_ &gt; 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 0 )))">{d1_.val_} [{d1_.cat_->id_,x}] ✓</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition=
+            "lc_flags_ == 2 || (lc_flags_ &gt; 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 0 ))">{d1_.val_} @{((uintptr_t)d1_.cat_),x} ✓</DisplayString>
+
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd0 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ &gt;= 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 1 ))">{d1_.val_} [generic]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd1 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ &gt;= 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 1 ))">{d1_.val_} [system]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ == 0xb2ab117a257edfd2 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ &gt;= 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 1 ))">{d1_.val_} [interop]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition="d1_.cat_->id_ != 0 &amp;&amp;
+            (lc_flags_ &gt;= 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 1 ))">{d1_.val_} [{d1_.cat_->id_,x}]</DisplayString>
+        <DisplayString Condition=
+            "lc_flags_ &gt;= 3 &amp;&amp; ( lc_flags_ % 2 == 1 )">{d1_.val_} @{((uintptr_t)d1_.cat_),x}</DisplayString>
+
+        <Expand>
+            <Item Name="std::error_code" Condition="lc_flags_ == 1">(std::error_code*)d2_</Item>
+            <Item Name="[location]" Condition="lc_flags_ &gt; 3">*((boost::source_location*)(lc_flags_ &amp; ~1))</Item>
+        </Expand>
+    </Type>
+
+    <Type Name="boost::system::result&lt;*,*&gt;">
+        <DisplayString>{v_}</DisplayString>
+    </Type>
+
+</AutoVisualizer>

include/boost/system.hpp

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@
 
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/system_error.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
 
-#if (__cplusplus >= 201103L) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900)
+#if (__cplusplus >= 201103L) && !(defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 40800) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900)
 # include <boost/system/result.hpp>
 #endif
 

include/boost/system/detail/config.hpp

@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED
 
-// Copyright 2018 Peter Dimov
+// Copyright 2018-2022 Peter Dimov
 //
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 //
 // See http://www.boost.org/libs/system for documentation.
 
+#include <boost/system/detail/requires_cxx11.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
 
 // BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR
+//
+// The macro BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS can be defined on configurations
+// that provide <system_error> and <atomic>, but not <mutex>, such as the
+// single-threaded libstdc++.
+//
+// https://github.com/boostorg/system/issues/92
 
-#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_SYSTEM_ERROR) && !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_ATOMIC)
+#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_SYSTEM_ERROR) && !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_ATOMIC) && ( !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_MUTEX) || defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS) )
 # define BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR
 #endif
 
@@ -58,8 +65,26 @@
 
 // BOOST_SYSTEM_CLANG_6
 
-#if defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 7 || (defined(__APPLE__) && __clang_major__ < 11))
+// Android NDK r18b has Clang 7.0.2 that still needs the workaround
+// https://github.com/boostorg/system/issues/100
+#if defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 7 || (defined(__APPLE__) && __clang_major__ < 11) || (defined(__ANDROID__) && __clang_major__ == 7))
 # define BOOST_SYSTEM_CLANG_6
 #endif
 
+//
+
+#if defined(BOOST_LIBSTDCXX_VERSION) && BOOST_LIBSTDCXX_VERSION < 50000
+# define BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_GENERIC_CATEGORY
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1800) || (defined(BOOST_LIBSTDCXX_VERSION) && BOOST_LIBSTDCXX_VERSION < 90000)
+
+// Under Cygwin (and MinGW!), std::system_category() is POSIX
+// Under VS2013, std::system_category() isn't quite right
+// Under libstdc++ before 7.4, before 8.3, before 9.1, default_error_condition
+// for the system category returns a condition from the system category
+
+# define BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_SYSTEM_CATEGORY
+#endif
+
 #endif // BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_CONFIG_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/detail/error_category.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
 #include <string>
 #include <functional>
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -48,6 +49,11 @@ class std_category;
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnon-virtual-dtor"
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BOOST_MSVC) && BOOST_MSVC < 1900
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4351) //  new behavior: elements of array will be default initialized
+#endif
+
 class BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE error_category
 {
 private:
@@ -76,13 +82,21 @@ private:
 
     boost::ulong_long_type id_;
 
+    static std::size_t const stdcat_size_ = 4 * sizeof( void const* );
+
+    union
+    {
+        mutable unsigned char stdcat_[ stdcat_size_ ];
+        void const* stdcat_align_;
+    };
+
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
-    mutable std::atomic< boost::system::detail::std_category* > ps_;
+    mutable std::atomic< unsigned > sc_init_;
 
 #else
 
-    boost::system::detail::std_category* ps_;
+    unsigned sc_init_;
 
 #endif
 
@@ -103,11 +117,18 @@ protected:
 
 #endif
 
-    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR error_category() BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( 0 ), ps_()
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_GCC, < 40800)
+    BOOST_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+    error_category() BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( 0 ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
     {
     }
 
-    explicit BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR error_category( boost::ulong_long_type id ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( id ), ps_()
+    explicit
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_GCC, < 40800)
+    BOOST_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+    error_category( boost::ulong_long_type id ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT: id_( id ), stdcat_(), sc_init_()
     {
     }
 
@@ -158,14 +179,22 @@ public:
     }
 
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    void init_stdcat() const;
+
 # if defined(__SUNPRO_CC) // trailing __global is not supported
     operator std::error_category const & () const;
 # else
     operator std::error_category const & () const BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE;
 # endif
+
 #endif
 };
 
+#if defined(BOOST_MSVC) && BOOST_MSVC < 1900
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
 #if ( defined( BOOST_GCC ) && BOOST_GCC >= 40600 ) || defined( BOOST_CLANG )
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif

include/boost/system/detail/error_category_impl.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_condition.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/snprintf.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <string>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -96,26 +97,60 @@ inline char const * error_category::message( int ev, char * buffer, std::size_t
 
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
-#include <boost/system/detail/std_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/std_category_impl.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/mutex.hpp>
+#include <new>
 
 namespace boost
 {
 namespace system
 {
 
-inline error_category::operator std::error_category const & () const
+inline void error_category::init_stdcat() const
+{
+    static_assert( sizeof( stdcat_ ) >= sizeof( boost::system::detail::std_category ), "sizeof(stdcat_) is not enough for std_category" );
+
+#if defined(BOOST_MSVC) && BOOST_MSVC < 1900
+    // no alignof
+#else
+
+    static_assert( alignof( decltype(stdcat_align_) ) >= alignof( boost::system::detail::std_category ), "alignof(stdcat_) is not enough for std_category" );
+
+#endif
+
+    // detail::mutex has a constexpr default constructor,
+    // and therefore guarantees static initialization, on
+    // everything except VS 2013 (msvc-12.0)
+
+    static system::detail::mutex mx_;
+
+    system::detail::lock_guard<system::detail::mutex> lk( mx_ );
+
+    if( sc_init_.load( std::memory_order_acquire ) == 0 )
+    {
+        ::new( static_cast<void*>( stdcat_ ) ) boost::system::detail::std_category( this, system::detail::id_wrapper<0>() );
+        sc_init_.store( 1, std::memory_order_release );
+    }
+}
+
+#if defined( BOOST_GCC ) && BOOST_GCC >= 40800 && BOOST_GCC < 70000
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
+#endif
+
+inline BOOST_NOINLINE error_category::operator std::error_category const & () const
 {
     if( id_ == detail::generic_category_id )
     {
 // This condition must be the same as the one in error_condition.hpp
-#if defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 50000
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_GENERIC_CATEGORY)
 
-    static const boost::system::detail::std_category generic_instance( this, 0x1F4D3 );
-    return generic_instance;
+        static const boost::system::detail::std_category generic_instance( this, system::detail::id_wrapper<0x1F4D3>() );
+        return generic_instance;
 
 #else
 
-    return std::generic_category();
+        return std::generic_category();
 
 #endif
     }
@@ -123,41 +158,30 @@ inline error_category::operator std::error_category const & () const
     if( id_ == detail::system_category_id )
     {
 // This condition must be the same as the one in error_code.hpp
-#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1800) || (defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 50000)
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_SYSTEM_CATEGORY)
 
-    // Under Cygwin (and MinGW!), std::system_category() is POSIX
-    // Under VS2013, std::system_category() isn't quite right
-
-    static const boost::system::detail::std_category system_instance( this, 0x1F4D7 );
-    return system_instance;
+        static const boost::system::detail::std_category system_instance( this, system::detail::id_wrapper<0x1F4D7>() );
+        return system_instance;
 
 #else
 
-    return std::system_category();
+        return std::system_category();
 
 #endif
     }
 
-    detail::std_category* p = ps_.load( std::memory_order_acquire );
-
-    if( p != 0 )
+    if( sc_init_.load( std::memory_order_acquire ) == 0 )
     {
-        return *p;
+        init_stdcat();
     }
 
-    detail::std_category* q = new detail::std_category( this, 0 );
-
-    if( ps_.compare_exchange_strong( p, q, std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_acquire ) )
-    {
-        return *q;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        delete q;
-        return *p;
-    }
+    return *static_cast<boost::system::detail::std_category const*>( static_cast<void const*>( stdcat_ ) );
 }
 
+#if defined( BOOST_GCC ) && BOOST_GCC >= 40800 && BOOST_GCC < 70000
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 

include/boost/system/detail/error_code.hpp

@@ -21,9 +21,15 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/append_int.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/config.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+# include <boost/system/detail/std_category.hpp>
+#endif
+
 #include <boost/assert/source_location.hpp>
 #include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <new>
 #include <cstdio>
@@ -52,12 +58,14 @@ namespace system
 //  and error_code containing a pointer to an object of a type derived
 //  from error_category.
 
+bool operator==( const error_code & code, const error_condition & condition ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT;
 std::size_t hash_value( error_code const & ec );
 
 class error_code
 {
 private:
 
+    friend bool operator==( const error_code & code, const error_condition & condition ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT;
     friend std::size_t hash_value( error_code const & ec );
 
 private:
@@ -83,11 +91,36 @@ private:
     // >3: pointer to source_location, failed_ in lsb
     boost::uintptr_t lc_flags_;
 
+private:
+
+    char const* category_name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        // return category().name();
+
+        if( lc_flags_ == 0 )
+        {
+            // must match detail::system_error_category::name()
+            return "system";
+        }
+        else if( lc_flags_ == 1 )
+        {
+            // must match detail::interop_error_category::name()
+            return "std:unknown";
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return d1_.cat_->name();
+        }
+    }
+
 public:
 
     // constructors:
 
-    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR error_code() BOOST_NOEXCEPT:
+#if !BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_GCC, < 40800)
+    BOOST_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+    error_code() BOOST_NOEXCEPT:
         d1_(), lc_flags_( 0 )
     {
     }
@@ -117,28 +150,35 @@ public:
         *this = make_error_code( e );
     }
 
-    template<class ErrorCodeEnum> error_code( ErrorCodeEnum e, source_location const * loc,
-        typename detail::enable_if<is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value>::type* = 0 ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT:
+    error_code( error_code const& ec, source_location const * loc ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT:
         d1_(), lc_flags_( 0 )
     {
-        error_code e2 = make_error_code( e );
+        *this = ec;
 
-        if( e2.lc_flags_ == 0 || e2.lc_flags_ == 1 )
+        if( ec.lc_flags_ != 0 && ec.lc_flags_ != 1 )
         {
-            *this = e2;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            *this = error_code( e2.d1_.val_, *e2.d1_.cat_, loc );
+            lc_flags_ = ( loc? reinterpret_cast<boost::uintptr_t>( loc ): 2 ) | ( ec.lc_flags_ & 1 );
         }
     }
 
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
     error_code( std::error_code const& ec ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT:
-        lc_flags_( 1 )
+        d1_(), lc_flags_( 0 )
     {
-        ::new( d2_ ) std::error_code( ec );
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_RTTI
+
+        if( detail::std_category const* pc2 = dynamic_cast< detail::std_category const* >( &ec.category() ) )
+        {
+            *this = boost::system::error_code( ec.value(), pc2->original_category() );
+        }
+        else
+
+#endif
+        {
+            ::new( d2_ ) std::error_code( ec );
+            lc_flags_ = 1;
+        }
     }
 
 #endif
@@ -155,6 +195,11 @@ public:
         *this = error_code( val, cat, loc );
     }
 
+    void assign( error_code const& ec, source_location const * loc ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        *this = error_code( ec, loc );
+    }
+
     template<typename ErrorCodeEnum>
         BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR typename detail::enable_if<is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value, error_code>::type &
         operator=( ErrorCodeEnum val ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
@@ -163,13 +208,6 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    template<typename ErrorCodeEnum>
-        typename detail::enable_if<is_error_code_enum<ErrorCodeEnum>::value, void>::type
-        assign( ErrorCodeEnum val, source_location const * loc ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        *this = error_code( val, loc );
-    }
-
     BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR void clear() BOOST_NOEXCEPT
     {
         *this = error_code();
@@ -188,7 +226,11 @@ public:
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
             std::error_code const& ec = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( d2_ );
-            return ec.value() + 1000 * static_cast<unsigned>( reinterpret_cast<boost::uintptr_t>( &ec.category() ) % 2097143 ); // 2^21-9, prime
+
+            unsigned cv = static_cast<unsigned>( ec.value() );
+            unsigned ch = static_cast<unsigned>( reinterpret_cast<boost::uintptr_t>( &ec.category() ) % 2097143 ); // 2^21-9, prime
+
+            return static_cast<int>( cv + 1000 * ch );
 #else
 
             return -1;
@@ -230,7 +272,14 @@ public:
 
 #endif
 
-        return category().message( value() );
+        if( lc_flags_ == 0 )
+        {
+            return detail::system_error_category_message( value() );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return category().message( value() );
+        }
     }
 
     char const * message( char * buffer, std::size_t len ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
@@ -238,23 +287,33 @@ public:
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
         if( lc_flags_ == 1 )
         {
+            std::error_code const& ec = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( d2_ );
+
 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
             try
 #endif
             {
-                std::error_code const& ec = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( d2_ );
                 detail::snprintf( buffer, len, "%s", ec.message().c_str() );
                 return buffer;
             }
 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
             catch( ... )
             {
+                detail::snprintf( buffer, len, "No message text available for error std:%s:%d", ec.category().name(), ec.value() );
+                return buffer;
             }
 #endif
         }
 #endif
 
-        return category().message( value(), buffer, len );
+        if( lc_flags_ == 0 )
+        {
+            return detail::system_error_category_message( value(), buffer, len );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return category().message( value(), buffer, len );
+        }
     }
 
     BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR bool failed() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
@@ -344,7 +403,12 @@ public:
     {
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
-        if( lhs.lc_flags_ == 1 && rhs.lc_flags_ == 1 )
+        bool s1 = lhs.lc_flags_ == 1;
+        bool s2 = rhs.lc_flags_ == 1;
+
+        if( s1 != s2 ) return false;
+
+        if( s1 && s2 )
         {
             std::error_code const& e1 = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( lhs.d2_ );
             std::error_code const& e2 = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( rhs.d2_ );
@@ -362,7 +426,13 @@ public:
     {
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
-        if( lhs.lc_flags_ == 1 && rhs.lc_flags_ == 1 )
+        bool s1 = lhs.lc_flags_ == 1;
+        bool s2 = rhs.lc_flags_ == 1;
+
+        if( s1 < s2 ) return true;
+        if( s2 < s1 ) return false;
+
+        if( s1 && s2 )
         {
             std::error_code const& e1 = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( lhs.d2_ );
             std::error_code const& e2 = *reinterpret_cast<std::error_code const*>( rhs.d2_ );
@@ -381,48 +451,6 @@ public:
         return !( lhs == rhs );
     }
 
-    inline friend bool operator==( const error_code & code, const error_condition & condition ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
-
-        if( code.lc_flags_ == 1 )
-        {
-            return static_cast<std::error_code>( code ) == static_cast<std::error_condition>( condition );
-        }
-        else
-
-#endif
-        {
-            return code.category().equivalent( code.value(), condition ) || condition.category().equivalent( code, condition.value() );
-        }
-    }
-
-    inline friend bool operator==( const error_condition & condition, const error_code & code ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
-
-        if( code.lc_flags_ == 1 )
-        {
-            return static_cast<std::error_code>( code ) == static_cast<std::error_condition>( condition );
-        }
-        else
-
-#endif
-        {
-            return code.category().equivalent( code.value(), condition ) || condition.category().equivalent( code, condition.value() );
-        }
-    }
-
-    inline friend bool operator!=( const error_code & lhs, const error_condition & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return !( lhs == rhs );
-    }
-
-    inline friend bool operator!=( const error_condition & lhs, const error_code & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        return !( lhs == rhs );
-    }
-
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
 
     inline friend bool operator==( std::error_code const & lhs, error_code const & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
@@ -532,7 +560,7 @@ public:
         else if( lc_flags_ == 0 )
         {
 // This condition must be the same as the one in error_category_impl.hpp
-#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1800) || (defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 50000)
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_SYSTEM_CATEGORY)
 
             return std::error_code( 0, boost::system::system_category() );
 
@@ -594,7 +622,7 @@ public:
         else
 #endif
         {
-            std::string r = category().name();
+            std::string r = category_name();
             detail::append_int( r, value() );
             return r;
         }
@@ -604,7 +632,7 @@ public:
         inline friend std::basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>&
         operator<< (std::basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& os, error_code const & ec)
     {
-        return os << ec.to_string();
+        return os << ec.to_string().c_str();
     }
 
     std::string what() const
@@ -625,6 +653,37 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+inline bool operator==( const error_code & code, const error_condition & condition ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    if( code.lc_flags_ == 1 )
+    {
+        return static_cast<std::error_code>( code ) == static_cast<std::error_condition>( condition );
+    }
+    else
+
+#endif
+    {
+        return code.category().equivalent( code.value(), condition ) || condition.category().equivalent( code, condition.value() );
+    }
+}
+
+inline bool operator==( const error_condition & condition, const error_code & code ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return code == condition;
+}
+
+inline bool operator!=( const error_code & lhs, const error_condition & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !( lhs == rhs );
+}
+
+inline bool operator!=( const error_condition & lhs, const error_code & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return !( lhs == rhs );
+}
+
 inline std::size_t hash_value( error_code const & ec )
 {
 #if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)

include/boost/system/detail/error_condition.hpp

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ public:
     operator std::error_condition () const
     {
 // This condition must be the same as the one in error_category_impl.hpp
-#if defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 50000
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_GENERIC_CATEGORY)
 
         return std::error_condition( value(), category() );
 
@@ -261,6 +261,58 @@ public:
         return !( lhs == rhs );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    template<class E, class N = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_condition_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline friend bool operator==( error_condition const & lhs, E rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return lhs == make_error_condition( rhs );
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_condition_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline friend bool operator==( E lhs, error_condition const & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return make_error_condition( lhs ) == rhs;
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_condition_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline friend bool operator!=( error_condition const & lhs, E rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !( lhs == rhs );
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_condition_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline friend bool operator!=( E lhs, error_condition const & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !( lhs == rhs );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    template<class E, class N1 = void, class N2 = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_code_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    inline friend bool operator==( error_condition const & lhs, E rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return lhs == make_error_code( rhs );
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N1 = void, class N2 = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_code_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    inline friend bool operator==( E lhs, error_condition const & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return make_error_code( lhs ) == rhs;
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N1 = void, class N2 = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_code_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    inline friend bool operator!=( error_condition const & lhs, E rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !( lhs == rhs );
+    }
+
+    template<class E, class N1 = void, class N2 = typename detail::enable_if<std::is_error_code_enum<E>::value>::type>
+    inline friend bool operator!=( E lhs, error_condition const & rhs ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return !( lhs == rhs );
+    }
+
 #endif
 
     std::string to_string() const

include/boost/system/detail/mutex.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS)
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+struct mutex
+{
+    void lock()
+    {
+    }
+
+    void unlock()
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#else // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS)
+
+#if defined(BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION) && BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 140
+
+// Under the MS STL, std::mutex::mutex() is not constexpr, as is
+// required by the standard, which leads to initialization order
+// issues. However, shared_mutex is based on SRWLock and its
+// default constructor is constexpr, so we use that instead.
+
+#include <boost/winapi/config.hpp>
+
+// SRWLOCK is not available when targeting Windows XP
+#if BOOST_USE_WINAPI_VERSION >= BOOST_WINAPI_VERSION_WIN6
+
+#include <shared_mutex>
+
+#if BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 142 || _HAS_SHARED_MUTEX
+# define BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX
+#endif
+
+#endif // BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION >= 142 || _HAS_SHARED_MUTEX
+
+#endif // BOOST_USE_WINAPI_VERSION >= BOOST_WINAPI_VERSION_WIN6
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+typedef std::shared_mutex mutex;
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#else // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
+
+#include <mutex>
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+using std::mutex;
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#endif // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_MSSTL_SHARED_MUTEX)
+#endif // defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS)
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+template<class Mtx> class lock_guard
+{
+private:
+
+    Mtx& mtx_;
+
+private:
+
+    lock_guard( lock_guard const& );
+    lock_guard& operator=( lock_guard const& );
+
+public:
+
+    explicit lock_guard( Mtx& mtx ): mtx_( mtx )
+    {
+        mtx_.lock();
+    }
+
+    ~lock_guard()
+    {
+        mtx_.unlock();
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_MUTEX_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/detail/requires_cxx11.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_CONSTEXPR) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_NOEXCEPT) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION_OPERATORS) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS) || \
+    defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_HDR_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE("C++03 support was deprecated in Boost.System 1.82 and will be removed in Boost.System 1.84. Please open an issue in https://github.com/boostorg/system if you want it retained.")
+
+#endif
+
+#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_REQUIRES_CXX11_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/detail/std_category.hpp

@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
 // See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_category.hpp>
-#include <boost/system/detail/error_condition.hpp>
-#include <boost/system/detail/error_code.hpp>
-#include <boost/system/detail/generic_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <system_error>
 
 //
@@ -27,6 +25,8 @@ namespace system
 namespace detail
 {
 
+template<unsigned Id> struct id_wrapper {};
+
 class BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE std_category: public std::error_category
 {
 private:
@@ -35,20 +35,29 @@ private:
 
 public:
 
-    explicit std_category( boost::system::error_category const * pc, unsigned id ): pc_( pc )
+    boost::system::error_category const & original_category() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return *pc_;
+    }
+
+public:
+
+    template<unsigned Id>
+    explicit std_category( boost::system::error_category const * pc, id_wrapper<Id> ): pc_( pc )
     {
-        if( id != 0 )
-        {
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CPPLIB_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900 && _MSC_VER < 2000
 
-            // Poking into the protected _Addr member of std::error_category
-            // is not a particularly good programming practice, but what can
-            // you do
+        // We used to assign to the protected _Addr member of std::error_category
+        // here when Id != 0, but this should never happen now because this code
+        // path is no longer used
 
-            _Addr = id;
+#if !defined(BOOST_NO_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT)
+
+        static_assert( Id == 0, "This constructor should only be called with Id == 0 under MS STL 14.0+" );
+
+#endif
 
 #endif
-        }
     }
 
     const char * name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT BOOST_OVERRIDE
@@ -66,72 +75,10 @@ public:
         return pc_->default_error_condition( ev );
     }
 
-    bool equivalent( int code, const std::error_condition & condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT BOOST_OVERRIDE;
-    bool equivalent( const std::error_code & code, int condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT BOOST_OVERRIDE;
+    inline bool equivalent( int code, const std::error_condition & condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT BOOST_OVERRIDE;
+    inline bool equivalent( const std::error_code & code, int condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT BOOST_OVERRIDE;
 };
 
-inline bool std_category::equivalent( int code, const std::error_condition & condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    if( condition.category() == *this )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), *pc_ );
-        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
-    }
-    else if( condition.category() == std::generic_category() || condition.category() == boost::system::generic_category() )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), boost::system::generic_category() );
-        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
-    }
-
-#ifndef BOOST_NO_RTTI
-
-    else if( std_category const* pc2 = dynamic_cast< std_category const* >( &condition.category() ) )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), *pc2->pc_ );
-        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
-    }
-
-#endif
-
-    else
-    {
-        return default_error_condition( code ) == condition;
-    }
-}
-
-inline bool std_category::equivalent( const std::error_code & code, int condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    if( code.category() == *this )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), *pc_ );
-        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
-    }
-    else if( code.category() == std::generic_category() || code.category() == boost::system::generic_category() )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), boost::system::generic_category() );
-        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
-    }
-
-#ifndef BOOST_NO_RTTI
-
-    else if( std_category const* pc2 = dynamic_cast< std_category const* >( &code.category() ) )
-    {
-        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), *pc2->pc_ );
-        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
-    }
-
-#endif
-
-    else if( *pc_ == boost::system::generic_category() )
-    {
-        return std::generic_category().equivalent( code, condition );
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace detail
 
 } // namespace system

include/boost/system/detail/std_category_impl.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_STD_CATEGORY_IMPL_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_STD_CATEGORY_IMPL_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// Support for interoperability between Boost.System and <system_error>
+//
+// Copyright 2018, 2021 Peter Dimov
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
+
+#include <boost/system/detail/std_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/error_condition.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/generic_category.hpp>
+
+//
+
+namespace boost
+{
+
+namespace system
+{
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+inline bool std_category::equivalent( int code, const std::error_condition & condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if( condition.category() == *this )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), *pc_ );
+        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
+    }
+    else if( condition.category() == std::generic_category() || condition.category() == boost::system::generic_category() )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), boost::system::generic_category() );
+        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
+    }
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_RTTI
+
+    else if( std_category const* pc2 = dynamic_cast< std_category const* >( &condition.category() ) )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_condition bn( condition.value(), *pc2->pc_ );
+        return pc_->equivalent( code, bn );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    else
+    {
+        return default_error_condition( code ) == condition;
+    }
+}
+
+inline bool std_category::equivalent( const std::error_code & code, int condition ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if( code.category() == *this )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), *pc_ );
+        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
+    }
+    else if( code.category() == std::generic_category() || code.category() == boost::system::generic_category() )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), boost::system::generic_category() );
+        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
+    }
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_RTTI
+
+    else if( std_category const* pc2 = dynamic_cast< std_category const* >( &code.category() ) )
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code bc( code.value(), *pc2->pc_ );
+        return pc_->equivalent( bc, condition );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    else if( *pc_ == boost::system::generic_category() )
+    {
+        return std::generic_category().equivalent( code, condition );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+} // namespace system
+
+} // namespace boost
+
+#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_STD_CATEGORY_IMPL_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/detail/system_category_condition_win32.hpp

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ inline int system_category_condition_win32( int ev ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
     case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED_: return permission_denied;
     case ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS_: return file_exists;
     case ERROR_BAD_NETPATH_: return no_such_file_or_directory;
+    case ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME_: return no_such_file_or_directory;
     case ERROR_BAD_UNIT_: return no_such_device;
     case ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE_: return broken_pipe;
     case ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_: return filename_too_long;
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ inline int system_category_condition_win32( int ev ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
     case ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY_: return directory_not_empty;
     case ERROR_DIRECTORY_: return invalid_argument; // WinError.h: "The directory name is invalid"
     case ERROR_DISK_FULL_: return no_space_on_device;
+    case ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE_: return filename_too_long;
     case ERROR_FILE_EXISTS_: return file_exists;
     case ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND_: return no_such_file_or_directory;
     case ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL_: return no_space_on_device;
@@ -100,12 +102,16 @@ inline int system_category_condition_win32( int ev ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
     case ERROR_REPARSE_TAG_INVALID_: return invalid_argument;
     case ERROR_RETRY_: return resource_unavailable_try_again;
     case ERROR_SEEK_: return io_error;
+    case ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT_: return timed_out;
     case ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION_: return permission_denied;
     case ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED_: return not_supported; // WinError.h: "The request is not supported."
+    case ERROR_TIMEOUT_: return timed_out;
     case ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES_: return too_many_files_open;
     case ERROR_WRITE_FAULT_: return io_error;
     case ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT_: return permission_denied;
 
+    case 258: return timed_out; // WAIT_TIMEOUT
+
     case WSAEACCES_: return permission_denied;
     case WSAEADDRINUSE_: return address_in_use;
     case WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL_: return address_not_available;

include/boost/system/detail/system_category_impl.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 //  See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
 #include <boost/system/detail/system_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/detail/system_category_message.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_condition.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/api_config.hpp>
 
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@
 
 #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
 
-#include <boost/system/detail/system_category_message_win32.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/system_category_condition_win32.hpp>
 
 inline boost::system::error_condition boost::system::detail::system_error_category::default_error_condition( int ev ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
@@ -39,35 +39,23 @@ inline boost::system::error_condition boost::system::detail::system_error_catego
     }
 }
 
-inline std::string boost::system::detail::system_error_category::message( int ev ) const
-{
-    return system_category_message_win32( ev );
-}
-
-inline char const * boost::system::detail::system_error_category::message( int ev, char * buffer, std::size_t len ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
-{
-    return system_category_message_win32( ev, buffer, len );
-}
-
 #else // #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
 
-#include <boost/system/detail/generic_category_message.hpp>
-
 inline boost::system::error_condition boost::system::detail::system_error_category::default_error_condition( int ev ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
 {
     return error_condition( boost::system::detail::generic_value_tag( ev ) );
 }
 
+#endif // #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
+
 inline std::string boost::system::detail::system_error_category::message( int ev ) const
 {
-    return generic_error_category_message( ev );
+    return system_error_category_message( ev );
 }
 
 inline char const * boost::system::detail::system_error_category::message( int ev, char * buffer, std::size_t len ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
 {
-    return generic_error_category_message( ev, buffer, len );
+    return system_error_category_message( ev, buffer, len );
 }
 
-#endif // #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
-
 #endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_SYSTEM_CATEGORY_IMPL_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/detail/system_category_message.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_SYSTEM_CATEGORY_MESSAGE_HPP_INCLUDED
+#define BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_SYSTEM_CATEGORY_MESSAGE_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// Implementation of system_error_category_message
+//
+// Copyright 2018, 2022 Peter Dimov
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
+
+#include <boost/system/api_config.hpp>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_POSIX_API) && !defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
+#  error BOOST_POSIX_API or BOOST_WINDOWS_API must be defined
+#endif
+
+#if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
+
+#include <boost/system/detail/system_category_message_win32.hpp>
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+inline std::string system_error_category_message( int ev )
+{
+    return system_category_message_win32( ev );
+}
+
+inline char const * system_error_category_message( int ev, char * buffer, std::size_t len ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return system_category_message_win32( ev, buffer, len );
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#else // #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
+
+#include <boost/system/detail/generic_category_message.hpp>
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+namespace detail
+{
+
+inline std::string system_error_category_message( int ev )
+{
+    return generic_error_category_message( ev );
+}
+
+inline char const * system_error_category_message( int ev, char * buffer, std::size_t len ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return generic_error_category_message( ev, buffer, len );
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+#endif // #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
+
+#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_DETAIL_SYSTEM_CATEGORY_MESSAGE_HPP_INCLUDED

include/boost/system/errc.hpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/generic_category.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_category_impl.hpp>
 #include <boost/system/detail/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/assert/source_location.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 
 namespace boost
@@ -35,6 +36,12 @@ BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline error_code make_error_code( errc_t e ) BOOST_NOEXC
     return error_code( e, generic_category() );
 }
 
+// explicit conversion:
+inline error_code make_error_code( errc_t e, boost::source_location const * loc ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return error_code( e, generic_category(), loc );
+}
+
 // implicit conversion:
 BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR inline error_condition make_error_condition( errc_t e ) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
 {

include/boost/system/linux_error.hpp

@@ -10,13 +10,6 @@
 #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_LINUX_ERROR_HPP
 #define BOOST_SYSTEM_LINUX_ERROR_HPP
 
-#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
-
-#if !defined(BOOST_ALLOW_DEPRECATED_HEADERS)
-  BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE("This header is deprecated and is slated for removal."
-  " If you want it retained, please open an issue in github.com/boostorg/system.")
-#endif
-
 //  This header is effectively empty for compiles on operating systems where
 //  it is not applicable.
 

include/boost/system/result.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef BOOST_SYSTEM_RESULT_HPP_INCLUDED
 #define BOOST_SYSTEM_RESULT_HPP_INCLUDED
 
-// Copyright 2017, 2021 Peter Dimov.
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 // https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 
@@ -11,11 +11,14 @@
 #include <boost/system/detail/error_category_impl.hpp>
 #include <boost/variant2/variant.hpp>
 #include <boost/throw_exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/assert/source_location.hpp>
 #include <boost/assert.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <exception>
 
 //
 
@@ -26,11 +29,47 @@ namespace system
 
 // throw_exception_from_error
 
-BOOST_NORETURN inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e )
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 7 && __GNUC__ <= 8
+# pragma GCC diagnostic push
+# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wattributes"
+#endif
+
+BOOST_NORETURN BOOST_NOINLINE inline void throw_exception_from_error( error_code const & e, boost::source_location const& loc )
 {
-    boost::throw_exception( system_error( e ) );
+    boost::throw_with_location( system_error( e ), loc );
 }
 
+BOOST_NORETURN BOOST_NOINLINE inline void throw_exception_from_error( errc::errc_t const & e, boost::source_location const& loc )
+{
+    boost::throw_with_location( system_error( make_error_code( e ) ), loc );
+}
+
+BOOST_NORETURN BOOST_NOINLINE inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::error_code const & e, boost::source_location const& loc )
+{
+    boost::throw_with_location( std::system_error( e ), loc );
+}
+
+BOOST_NORETURN BOOST_NOINLINE inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::errc const & e, boost::source_location const& loc )
+{
+    boost::throw_with_location( std::system_error( make_error_code( e ) ), loc );
+}
+
+BOOST_NORETURN BOOST_NOINLINE inline void throw_exception_from_error( std::exception_ptr const & p, boost::source_location const& loc )
+{
+    if( p )
+    {
+        std::rethrow_exception( p );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        boost::throw_with_location( std::bad_exception(), loc );
+    }
+}
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 7 && __GNUC__ <= 8
+# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
 // in_place_*
 
 using in_place_value_t = variant2::in_place_index_t<0>;
@@ -46,6 +85,10 @@ template<class T> using remove_cvref = typename std::remove_cv< typename std::re
 
 template<class... T> using is_errc_t = std::is_same<mp11::mp_list<remove_cvref<T>...>, mp11::mp_list<errc::errc_t>>;
 
+template<class T, class... A> struct is_constructible: std::is_constructible<T, A...> {};
+template<class A> struct is_constructible<bool, A>: std::is_convertible<A, bool> {};
+template<class A> struct is_constructible<bool const, A>: std::is_convertible<A, bool> {};
+
 } // namespace detail
 
 // result
@@ -56,6 +99,14 @@ private:
 
     variant2::variant<T, E> v_;
 
+public:
+
+    using value_type = T;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
 public:
 
     // constructors
@@ -75,7 +126,7 @@ public:
     template<class A = T, typename std::enable_if<
         std::is_convertible<A, T>::value &&
         !(detail::is_errc_t<A>::value && std::is_arithmetic<T>::value) &&
-        !std::is_constructible<E, A>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        !std::is_convertible<A, E>::value, int>::type = 0>
     constexpr result( A&& a )
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<T, A>::value )
         : v_( in_place_value, std::forward<A>(a) )
@@ -85,7 +136,7 @@ public:
     // implicit, error
     template<class A = E, class = void, typename std::enable_if<
         std::is_convertible<A, E>::value &&
-        !std::is_constructible<T, A>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        !std::is_convertible<A, T>::value, int>::type = 0>
     constexpr result( A&& a )
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A>::value )
         : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a) )
@@ -94,9 +145,10 @@ public:
 
     // explicit, value
     template<class... A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
-        std::is_constructible<T, A...>::value &&
+        detail::is_constructible<T, A...>::value &&
         !(detail::is_errc_t<A...>::value && std::is_arithmetic<T>::value) &&
-        !std::is_constructible<E, A...>::value
+        !detail::is_constructible<E, A...>::value &&
+        sizeof...(A) >= 1
         >::type>
     explicit constexpr result( A&&... a )
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<T, A...>::value )
@@ -106,8 +158,9 @@ public:
 
     // explicit, error
     template<class... A, class En2 = void, class En = typename std::enable_if<
-        !std::is_constructible<T, A...>::value &&
-        std::is_constructible<E, A...>::value
+        !detail::is_constructible<T, A...>::value &&
+        detail::is_constructible<E, A...>::value &&
+        sizeof...(A) >= 1
         >::type>
     explicit constexpr result( A&&... a )
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A...>::value )
@@ -135,6 +188,45 @@ public:
     {
     }
 
+    // converting
+    template<class T2, class E2, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<T2, T>::value &&
+        std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<result<T2, E2> const&, T>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR result( result<T2, E2> const& r2 )
+        noexcept(
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<T, T2 const&>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E2>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, r2.error() )
+    {
+        if( r2 )
+        {
+            v_.template emplace<0>( *r2 );
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<class T2, class E2, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<T2, T>::value &&
+        std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<result<T2, E2>&&, T>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR result( result<T2, E2>&& r2 )
+        noexcept(
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<T, T2&&>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E2>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, r2.error() )
+    {
+        if( r2 )
+        {
+            v_.template emplace<0>( std::move( *r2 ) );
+        }
+    }
+
     // queries
 
     constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept
@@ -144,7 +236,7 @@ public:
 
     constexpr bool has_error() const noexcept
     {
-        return v_.index() != 0;
+        return v_.index() == 1;
     }
 
     constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept
@@ -155,7 +247,7 @@ public:
     // checked value access
 #if defined( BOOST_NO_CXX11_REF_QUALIFIERS )
 
-    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T value() const
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const
     {
         if( has_value() )
         {
@@ -163,13 +255,13 @@ public:
         }
         else
         {
-            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) );
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
         }
     }
 
 #else
 
-    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T& value() &
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T& value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) &
     {
         if( has_value() )
         {
@@ -177,11 +269,11 @@ public:
         }
         else
         {
-            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) );
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
         }
     }
 
-    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T const& value() const&
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T const& value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const&
     {
         if( has_value() )
         {
@@ -189,24 +281,24 @@ public:
         }
         else
         {
-            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) );
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
         }
     }
 
     template<class U = T>
         BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
         typename std::enable_if<std::is_move_constructible<U>::value, T>::type
-        value() &&
+        value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) &&
     {
-        return std::move( value() );
+        return std::move( value( loc ) );
     }
 
     template<class U = T>
         BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
         typename std::enable_if<!std::is_move_constructible<U>::value, T&&>::type
-        value() &&
+        value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) &&
     {
-        return std::move( value() );
+        return std::move( value( loc ) );
     }
 
     template<class U = T>
@@ -217,9 +309,9 @@ public:
     template<class U = T>
         BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
         typename std::enable_if<!std::is_move_constructible<U>::value, T const&&>::type
-        value() const &&
+        value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const &&
     {
-        return std::move( value() );
+        return std::move( value( loc ) );
     }
 
 #endif
@@ -309,12 +401,26 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const
+    constexpr E error() const &
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
     {
         return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
     }
 
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
+    // emplace
+
+    template<class... A>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR T& emplace( A&&... a )
+    {
+        return v_.template emplace<0>( std::forward<A>(a)... );
+    }
+
     // swap
 
     BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result& r )
@@ -366,6 +472,14 @@ private:
 
     variant2::variant<variant2::monostate, E> v_;
 
+public:
+
+    using value_type = void;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
 public:
 
     // constructors
@@ -433,7 +547,7 @@ public:
 
     constexpr bool has_error() const noexcept
     {
-        return v_.index() != 0;
+        return v_.index() == 1;
     }
 
     constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept
@@ -443,14 +557,14 @@ public:
 
     // checked value access
 
-    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void value() const
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const
     {
         if( has_value() )
         {
         }
         else
         {
-            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) );
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
         }
     }
 
@@ -473,12 +587,25 @@ public:
 
     // error access
 
-    constexpr E error() const
+    constexpr E error() const &
         noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
     {
         return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
     }
 
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
+    // emplace
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void emplace()
+    {
+        v_.template emplace<0>();
+    }
+
     // swap
 
     BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result& r )
@@ -522,6 +649,224 @@ template<class Ch, class Tr, class E> std::basic_ostream<Ch, Tr>& operator<<( st
     return os;
 }
 
+// result<T&, E>
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+template<class U, class A> struct reference_to_temporary: std::integral_constant<bool,
+    !std::is_reference<A>::value ||
+    !std::is_convertible<typename std::remove_reference<A>::type*, U*>::value
+> {};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template<class U, class E> class result<U&, E>
+{
+private:
+
+    variant2::variant<U*, E> v_;
+
+public:
+
+    using value_type = U&;
+    using error_type = E;
+
+    static constexpr in_place_value_t in_place_value{};
+    static constexpr in_place_error_t in_place_error{};
+
+public:
+
+    // constructors
+
+    // implicit, value
+    template<class A, typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, E>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // implicit, error
+    template<class A = E, class = void, typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<A, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // explicit, value
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        detail::is_constructible<U&, A>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<A, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value &&
+        !detail::is_constructible<E, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    explicit constexpr result( A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // explicit, error
+    template<class... A, class En2 = void, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        !detail::is_constructible<U&, A...>::value &&
+        detail::is_constructible<E, A...>::value &&
+        sizeof...(A) >= 1
+        >::type>
+    explicit constexpr result( A&&... a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A...>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a)... )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // tagged, value
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_constructible<U&, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    constexpr result( in_place_value_t, A&& a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, A>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_value, &static_cast<U&>( std::forward<A>(a) ) )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // tagged, error
+    template<class... A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_constructible<E, A...>::value
+        >::type>
+    constexpr result( in_place_error_t, A&&... a )
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, A...>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, std::forward<A>(a)... )
+    {
+    }
+
+    // converting
+    template<class U2, class E2, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_convertible<U2&, U&>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, U2&>::value &&
+        std::is_convertible<E2, E>::value &&
+        !std::is_convertible<result<U2&, E2> const&, U&>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR result( result<U2&, E2> const& r2 )
+        noexcept(
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<U&, U2&>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_constructible<E, E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E2>::value &&
+            std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E2>::value )
+        : v_( in_place_error, r2.error() )
+    {
+        if( r2 )
+        {
+            this->emplace( *r2 );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // queries
+
+    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 0;
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool has_error() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 1;
+    }
+
+    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+    {
+        return v_.index() == 0;
+    }
+
+    // checked value access
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& value( boost::source_location const& loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION ) const
+    {
+        if( has_value() )
+        {
+            return *variant2::unsafe_get<0>( v_ );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw_exception_from_error( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ), loc );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // unchecked value access
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U* operator->() const noexcept
+    {
+        return has_value()? variant2::unsafe_get<0>( v_ ): 0;
+    }
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& operator*() const noexcept
+    {
+        U* p = operator->();
+
+        BOOST_ASSERT( p != 0 );
+
+        return *p;
+    }
+
+    // error access
+
+    constexpr E error() const &
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ): E();
+    }
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR E error() &&
+        noexcept( std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<E>::value && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<E>::value )
+    {
+        return has_error()? std::move( variant2::unsafe_get<1>( v_ ) ): E();
+    }
+
+    // emplace
+
+    template<class A, class En = typename std::enable_if<
+        detail::is_constructible<U&, A>::value &&
+        !detail::reference_to_temporary<U, A>::value
+        >::type>
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR U& emplace( A&& a )
+    {
+        return *v_.template emplace<0>( &static_cast<U&>( a ) );
+    }
+
+    // swap
+
+    BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result& r )
+        noexcept( noexcept( v_.swap( r.v_ ) ) )
+    {
+        v_.swap( r.v_ );
+    }
+
+    friend BOOST_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap( result & r1, result & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( r1.swap( r2 ) ) )
+    {
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+    }
+
+    // equality
+
+    friend constexpr bool operator==( result const & r1, result const & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( r1 && r2? *r1 == *r2: r1.v_ == r2.v_ ) )
+    {
+        return r1 && r2? *r1 == *r2: r1.v_ == r2.v_;
+    }
+
+    friend constexpr bool operator!=( result const & r1, result const & r2 )
+        noexcept( noexcept( !( r1 == r2 ) ) )
+    {
+        return !( r1 == r2 );
+    }
+};
+
 } // namespace system
 } // namespace boost
 

include/boost/system/system_error.hpp

@@ -23,46 +23,25 @@ private:
 
     error_code code_;
 
-private:
-
-    static std::string build_message( char const * prefix, error_code const & ec )
-    {
-        std::string r;
-
-        if( prefix )
-        {
-            r += prefix;
-            r += ": ";
-        }
-
-        r += ec.what();
-        return r;
-    }
-
-    static std::string build_message( char const * prefix, int ev, error_category const & cat )
-    {
-        return build_message( prefix, error_code( ev, cat ) );
-    }
-
 public:
 
-    explicit system_error( error_code const & ec )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( 0, ec ) ), code_( ec ) {}
+    explicit system_error( error_code const & ec ):
+        std::runtime_error( ec.what() ), code_( ec ) {}
 
-    system_error( error_code const & ec, std::string const & prefix )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( prefix.c_str(), ec ) ), code_( ec ) {}
+    system_error( error_code const & ec, std::string const & prefix ):
+        std::runtime_error( prefix + ": " + ec.what() ), code_( ec ) {}
 
-    system_error( error_code const & ec, char const * prefix )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( prefix, ec ) ), code_( ec ) {}
+    system_error( error_code const & ec, char const * prefix ):
+        std::runtime_error( std::string( prefix ) + ": " + ec.what() ), code_( ec ) {}
 
-    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( 0, ev, ecat ) ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
+    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat ):
+        std::runtime_error( error_code( ev, ecat ).what() ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
 
-    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat, std::string const & prefix )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( prefix.c_str(), ev, ecat ) ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
+    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat, std::string const & prefix ):
+        std::runtime_error( prefix + ": " + error_code( ev, ecat ).what() ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
 
-    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat, char const * prefix )
-      : std::runtime_error( build_message( prefix, ev, ecat ) ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
+    system_error( int ev, error_category const & ecat, char const * prefix ):
+        std::runtime_error( std::string( prefix ) + ": " + error_code( ev, ecat ).what() ), code_( ev, ecat ) {}
 
     error_code code() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
     {

test/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ macro(system_run s1)
   boost_test(SOURCES ${s1} ${ARGN})
   boost_test(SOURCES ${s1} ${ARGN} COMPILE_DEFINITIONS BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS NAME ${n1}_no_ansi)
   boost_test(SOURCES ${s1} ${ARGN} COMPILE_DEFINITIONS BOOST_SYSTEM_USE_UTF8 NAME ${n1}_utf8)
+  boost_test(SOURCES ${s1} ${ARGN} COMPILE_DEFINITIONS BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS NAME ${n1}_nthr)
 
 endmacro()
 
@@ -112,6 +113,29 @@ boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES system_error_test3.cpp)
 
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test11.cpp)
 
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES ec_wstream_test.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test12.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES errc_test4.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test13.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test14.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES ec_location_test3.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES ec_location_test4.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE compile SOURCES constexpr_test2.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES error_code_test3.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test15.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES win32_generic_test.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES ec_hash_value_test.cpp)
+
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES std_interop_test16.cpp)
+
 # result
 
 set(BOOST_TEST_COMPILE_FEATURES cxx_std_11)
@@ -130,3 +154,16 @@ boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_eq.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_range_for.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct2.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct2.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_errc_construct.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_convert_construct.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_typedefs.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct3.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct3.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_emplace.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct4.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct4.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct5.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_move.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct6.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct7.cpp)
+boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct5.cpp)

test/Jamfile.v2

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ project
     <toolset>msvc:<warnings-as-errors>on
     <toolset>gcc:<warnings-as-errors>on
     <toolset>clang:<warnings-as-errors>on
+
+    <toolset>gcc-4.4:<cxxflags>-Wno-sign-compare
   ;
 
 rule system-run ( sources + )
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ rule system-run ( sources + )
     result += [ run $(sources) : : : <library>/boost/system//boost_system <link>shared : $(sources[1]:B)_shared ] ;
     result += [ run $(sources) : : : <define>BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS : $(sources[1]:B)_no_ansi ] ;
     result += [ run $(sources) : : : <define>BOOST_SYSTEM_USE_UTF8 : $(sources[1]:B)_utf8 ] ;
+    result += [ run $(sources) : : : <define>BOOST_SYSTEM_DISABLE_THREADS : $(sources[1]:B)_nthr ] ;
 
     return $(result) ;
 }
@@ -59,7 +62,11 @@ run single_instance_test.cpp single_instance_lib1 single_instance_lib2 : : : <li
 run single_instance_test.cpp single_instance_lib1 single_instance_lib2 : : : <link>shared : single_instance_lib_shared ;
 
 system-run before_main_test.cpp ;
-run-fail throws_assign_fail.cpp ;
+
+run-fail throws_assign_fail.cpp : : :
+    # GCC 12 catches this at compile time with a warning
+    <toolset>gcc,<variant>release:<build>no ;
+
 system-run constexpr_test.cpp ;
 system-run win32_hresult_test.cpp ;
 
@@ -134,11 +141,34 @@ run system_error_test3.cpp ;
 
 run std_interop_test11.cpp ;
 
+run ec_wstream_test.cpp ;
+
+run std_interop_test12.cpp ;
+
+run errc_test4.cpp ;
+
+run std_interop_test13.cpp ;
+run std_interop_test14.cpp ;
+
+run ec_location_test3.cpp ;
+run ec_location_test4.cpp ;
+
+compile constexpr_test2.cpp ;
+
+run error_code_test3.cpp ;
+run std_interop_test15.cpp ;
+
+run win32_generic_test.cpp ;
+
+run ec_hash_value_test.cpp ;
+
+run std_interop_test16.cpp ;
+
 # result
 
 import ../../config/checks/config : requires ;
 
-CPP11 = [ requires cxx11_variadic_templates cxx11_template_aliases cxx11_decltype cxx11_constexpr cxx11_noexcept ] ;
+CPP11 = [ requires cxx11_variadic_templates cxx11_template_aliases cxx11_decltype cxx11_constexpr cxx11_noexcept ] <toolset>gcc-4.7:<build>no ;
 
 run result_default_construct.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_value_construct.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
@@ -155,3 +185,15 @@ run result_range_for.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_value_construct2.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_error_construct2.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
 run result_errc_construct.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_convert_construct.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_typedefs.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct3.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_construct3.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_emplace.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_construct4.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct4.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct5.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_move.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct6.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_value_construct7.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;
+run result_error_construct5.cpp : : : $(CPP11) ;

test/constexpr_test2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC >= 40700 && BOOST_GCC < 40800
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE("Skipping test, BOOST_GCC is 407xx")
+
+#else
+
+struct X
+{
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+};
+
+X const& f()
+{
+#if defined(BOOST_CLANG_VERSION) && BOOST_CLANG_VERSION < 30900
+
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR X x = {};
+    return x;
+
+#else
+
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR X x;
+    return x;
+
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif

test/ec_hash_value_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/generic_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/system_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+#include <system_error>
+#endif
+
+namespace sys = boost::system;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // normal against normal (equal, system)
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( 0, sys::system_category() );
+        sys::error_code e3( e2.value(), e2.category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal against normal (equal, generic)
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( EINVAL, sys::generic_category() );
+        sys::error_code e3( e2.value(), e2.category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal against normal (inequal, value, generic)
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( 0, sys::generic_category() );
+        sys::error_code e3( EINVAL, sys::generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal against normal (inequal, value, system)
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( 1, sys::system_category() );
+        sys::error_code e3( 2, sys::system_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal against normal (inequal, category)
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( 0, sys::system_category() );
+        sys::error_code e3( 0, sys::generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // empty against normal
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2;
+        sys::error_code e3( e2.value(), e2.category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    // std:: wrapping against normal
+    {
+        std::error_code e1( EINVAL, std::generic_category() );
+
+        sys::error_code e2( e1 );
+        sys::error_code e3( e2.value(), e2.category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // empty against wrapping std:: empty
+    {
+        std::error_code e1;
+
+        sys::error_code e2( e1 );
+        sys::error_code e3;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // empty against roundtrip via std
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2;
+
+        std::error_code e1( e2 );
+        sys::error_code e3( e1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal/generic against roundtrip via std
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( EINVAL, boost::system::generic_category() );
+
+        std::error_code e1( e2 );
+        sys::error_code e3( e1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+    // normal/system against roundtrip via std
+    {
+        sys::error_code e2( 0, boost::system::system_category() );
+
+        std::error_code e1( e2 );
+        sys::error_code e3( e1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 != e3 || hash_value( e2 ) == hash_value( e3 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( e2 == e3 || hash_value( e2 ) != hash_value( e3 ) );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/ec_location_test3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+int main()
+{
+    int const val = ENOENT;
+    boost::system::error_category const & cat = boost::system::generic_category();
+
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code ec;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec2.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec3( ec2, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec3.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code ec( val, cat );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( ec2.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2.location(), loc );
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec3( ec2, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec3.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    {
+        std::error_code e2( val, std::generic_category() );
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec( e2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec2.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec2.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec3( ec2, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec3.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec3.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/ec_location_test4.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+int main()
+{
+    int const val = ENOENT;
+    boost::system::error_category const & cat = boost::system::generic_category();
+
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code ec;
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        ec.assign( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        ec.assign( ec, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code ec( val, cat );
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        ec.assign( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), loc );
+
+        ec.assign( ec, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    {
+        std::error_code e2( val, std::generic_category() );
+
+        boost::system::error_code ec( e2 );
+        boost::system::error_code ec2( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        ec.assign( ec, &loc );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+
+        ec.assign( ec, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, ec2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !ec.has_location() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec.location(), boost::source_location() );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/ec_wstream_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace sys = boost::system;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        std::wostringstream os;
+        os << sys::error_code();
+
+        BOOST_TEST( os.str() == L"system:0" );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/errc_test4.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/errc.hpp>
+#include <boost/assert/source_location.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+
+int main()
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+    BOOST_TEST( make_error_code( boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory, &loc ).has_location() );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( make_error_code( boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory, &loc ).location().to_string(), loc.to_string() );
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/error_category_test.cpp

@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@
 
 // See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
-// Avoid spurious VC++ warnings
-# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <cstdio>
 
 //
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ public:
     virtual std::string message( int ev ) const
     {
         char buffer[ 256 ];
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "user message %d", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "user message %d", ev );
 
         return buffer;
     }

test/error_category_test2.cpp

@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@
 
 // See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
-// Avoid spurious VC++ warnings
-#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-
 #include <boost/system/error_category.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <cstdio>
 
 //
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ public:
     virtual std::string message( int ev ) const
     {
         char buffer[ 256 ];
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "user message %d", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "user message %d", ev );
 
         return buffer;
     }

test/error_code_test3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_condition.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/generic_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+
+namespace sys = boost::system;
+
+enum my_errc
+{
+    enomem_c = ENOMEM
+};
+
+enum my_errn
+{
+    enomem_n = ENOMEM
+};
+
+namespace boost {
+namespace system {
+
+template<> struct is_error_code_enum<my_errc>
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template<> struct is_error_condition_enum<my_errn>
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+sys::error_code make_error_code( my_errc e )
+{
+    return sys::error_code( e, sys::generic_category() );
+}
+
+sys::error_condition make_error_condition( my_errn e )
+{
+    return sys::error_condition( e, sys::generic_category() );
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    sys::error_code ec = make_error_code( sys::errc::not_enough_memory );
+    sys::error_condition en( sys::errc::not_enough_memory );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, en );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, enomem_c );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_c, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, enomem_n );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_n, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, enomem_c );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_c, en );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, enomem_n );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_n, en );
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/failed_test.cpp

@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@
 // Copyright 2018 Peter Dimov.
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 
-// Avoid spurious VC++ warnings
-#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <cstdio>
 
 using namespace boost::system;
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ struct http_category_impl: public error_category
     {
         char buffer[ 32 ];
 
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "HTTP/1.0 %d", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "HTTP/1.0 %d", ev );
         return buffer;
     }
 

test/result_convert_construct.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    X(): v_() { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& r ): v_( r.v_ ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+bool operator==( X const & x1, X const & x2 )
+{
+    return x1.v_ == x2.v_;
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& os, X const & x )
+{
+    os << "X:" << x.v_;
+    return os;
+}
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        result<int> r( 5 );
+        result<long> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 5 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> const r( 6 );
+        result<long> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 6 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<long> r2 = result<int>( 7 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 7 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int> r( 5 );
+        result<X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 5 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int> const r( 6 );
+        result<X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 6 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X> r2 = result<int>( 7 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 7 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int> r( ec );
+        result<long> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int> r( ec );
+        result<long> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<long> r2 = result<int>( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<char const*, int> r( "test" );
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, std::string( "test" ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<char const*, int> const r( "test" );
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, std::string( "test" ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = result<char const*, int>( "test" );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, std::string( "test" ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<char const*, int> r( 5 );
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), X(5) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<char const*, int> const r( 6 );
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), X(6) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r2 = result<char const*, int>( 7 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), X(7) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x = 5;
+
+        result<int&> r( x );
+        result<int const&> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 5 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 6;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x );
+        result<int const&> r2 = r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 6 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 7;
+
+        result<int const&> r2 = result<int&>( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2 ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r2, 7 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<long>, result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<result<int>, result<long>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int>, result<void*>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<void*>, result<int>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int>, result<void>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<void>, result<int>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<void>, result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<int>, result<void>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int, void*>, result<int, int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<int, int>, result<int, void*>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<int&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<result<int&>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<int>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<long&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<long&>, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, result<long const&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<result<long const&>, result<int const&>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_copy_assign.cpp

@@ -682,5 +682,151 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r, r2 );
     }
 
+    // reference
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+        int const x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+        int const x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int const &> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int const &> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = r1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_copy_construct.cpp

@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2( r );
@@ -177,5 +179,121 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r, r2 );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> const r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_default_construct.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ struct X
 {
 };
 
+struct Y
+{
+    Y( int );
+};
+
 int main()
 {
     {
@@ -37,5 +42,20 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
     }
 
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int, int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<X>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<X, int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<void>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_default_constructible<result<void, int>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<Y>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<Y, int>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int&>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_default_constructible<result<int&, int>>));
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_emplace.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v1, int v2 ): v_( v1+v2 ) { ++instances; }
+    X( int v1, int v2, int v3 ): v_( v1+v2+v3 ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+struct Y
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    Y() noexcept { ++instances; }
+
+    Y( Y const& ) noexcept { ++instances; }
+
+    Y& operator=( Y const& ) = default;
+
+    ~Y() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int Y::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        result<int> r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+
+        r.emplace( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> r( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+
+        r.emplace( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X> r( 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 0 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1, 2 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1+2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1, 2, 3 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1+2+3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X> r( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1, 2 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1+2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int, Y> r( Y{} );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X, Y> r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace( 1, 2, 3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1+2+3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<void> r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+
+        r.emplace();
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void> r( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+
+        r.emplace();
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<void, Y> r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 1 );
+
+        r.emplace();
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 2 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, Y> r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 1 );
+
+        int x2 = 2;
+        r.emplace( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_eq.cpp

@@ -149,5 +149,83 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r1( 1, generic_category() );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+        X x2( 2 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+        X x2( 1 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( x2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<X&, Y> r1( in_place_error, 1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( in_place_error, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&, Y> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&, Y> r2( in_place_error, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_NE( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_errc_construct.cpp

@@ -19,5 +19,14 @@ int main()
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<bool>>));
     BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, errc::errc_t>));
 
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<int const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<double const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<errc::errc_t, result<bool const&>>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const&>, errc::errc_t>));
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_error_access.cpp

@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( "s" ).error().v_), 0 );
     }
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
 
@@ -208,5 +210,71 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<void>( ec ).error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( x1 ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).error(), error_code() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( ec ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( ec ).error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_error_construct.cpp

@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
         BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), std::error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
     }
 
     {
         auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
 
-        result<std::error_code> r( in_place_error, ec );
+        result<error_code> r( in_place_error, ec );
 
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
         BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ int main()
     }
 
     {
-        result<std::error_code> r( in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+        result<error_code> r( in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
 
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
         BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), std::error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
     }
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
@@ -140,14 +140,20 @@ int main()
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
     {
-        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int>, std::error_code>));
-        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<std::error_code, result<int>>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int>, error_code>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<error_code, result<int>>));
 
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<std::string, X>, int>));
         BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<std::string, X>>));
 
-        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int, X>, int>));
-        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int, X>>));
+        // We'd like this to be false due to the ambiguity caused by X having
+        // an explicit constructor taking an int, which should be viable in this
+        // context, but the implicit constructor is enabled, and there's no way to
+        // disallow it
+        //
+        // BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int, X>, int>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int, X>>));
     }
 
     {
@@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
         BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), std::error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
     }
 
     return boost::report_errors();

test/result_error_construct2.cpp

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
         BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), std::error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
     }
 
     {

test/result_error_construct3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    X(): v_() { ++instances; }
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v1, int v2 ): v_( v1+v2 ) { ++instances; }
+    X( int v1, int v2, int v3 ): v_( v1+v2+v3 ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& r ): v_( r.v_ ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        using R = result<int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        using R = result<error_code>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<error_code>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<std::string, X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int, X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, 1, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int, X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, 1, 2, 3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2+3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<X, X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        using R = result<void>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<void>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_error_construct4.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+// Eigen::Matrix4d has an explicit templated constructor
+// https://github.com/boostorg/system/issues/103
+// https://github.com/boostorg/json/issues/843
+
+struct X
+{
+    X() {}
+    template<class T> explicit X( T const& ) {}
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<X> r = ec;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+#if defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<X> r = ec;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_error_construct5.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    X(): v_() { ++instances; }
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v1, int v2 ): v_( v1+v2 ) { ++instances; }
+    X( int v1, int v2, int v3 ): v_( v1+v2+v3 ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& r ): v_( r.v_ ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r = ec;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r( EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<error_code&> r( in_place_error, ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<error_code&> r( in_place_error, EINVAL, generic_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error(), error_code( EINVAL, generic_category() ) );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<std::string&, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, X> r( 1, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<int&, X> r( 1, 2, 3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1+2+3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        result<X&, X> r( in_place_error, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.error().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, error_code>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<error_code, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<std::string&, X>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<std::string&, X>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, X>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int&, X>>));
+
+        // There's an ambiguity here between int& and X, but since is_convertible
+        // is true, is_constructible can't be false.
+
+        // BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, X>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int&, X>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_error_move.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Klemens Morgenstern
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v = 0 ): v_( v ) {}
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    X( X && ) = default;
+    X& operator=( X && ) = default;
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<std::string, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<std::string, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<std::string, X> r( "s" );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<std::string, X>( "s" ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<std::string, X>( "s" ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<std::string, X>( "s" ).error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        result<void, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<void, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<void, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<void, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, X> r;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<void, X>().has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<void, X>().has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<void, X>().error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        result<double&, X> r( 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<double&, X>( 1 ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<double&, X>( 1 ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<double&, X>( 1 ).error().v_), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        double x = 1.0;
+
+        result<double&, X> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::move( r ).error().v_, 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        double x = 1.0;
+
+        BOOST_TEST(( result<double&, X>( x ).has_value() ));
+        BOOST_TEST(( !result<double&, X>( x ).has_error() ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<double&, X>( x ).error().v_), 0 );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_move_assign.cpp

@@ -508,6 +508,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( Y::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2;
@@ -600,5 +602,110 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x2, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &*r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( x1 );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r2( x1 );
+
+        r2 = result<int&>( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( x1, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r1( ec );
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = std::move( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r2( ENOENT, generic_category() );
+
+        r2 = result<int&>( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_move_construct.cpp

@@ -207,6 +207,8 @@ int main()
 
     BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
         result<void> r2( std::move( r ) );
@@ -245,5 +247,149 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.error(), ec );
     }
 
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<int const&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r2(( result<int&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int const&> r2(( result<int const&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X&> r2(( result<X&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r1( x1 );
+        result<X const&> r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r1.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r1.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r1, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x1( 1 );
+
+        result<X const&> r2(( result<X const&>( x1 ) ));
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value().v_, 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_swap.cpp

@@ -259,5 +259,55 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
     }
 
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+        int x2 = 2;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( x2 ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&> r1( 1, generic_category() ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r1( x1 ), r1c( r1 );
+        result<int&> r2( 2, generic_category() ), r2c( r2 );
+
+        r1.swap( r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r2c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r1c );
+
+        swap( r1, r2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r1, r1c );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2, r2c );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_typedefs.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X {};
+
+int main()
+{
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int>::value_type, int );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X>::value_type, X );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void>::value_type, void );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&>::value_type, int& );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&>::error_type, error_code );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int, X>::value_type, int );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X, X>::value_type, X );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<X, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void, X>::value_type, void );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<void, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&, X>::value_type, int& );
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_SAME( result<int&, X>::error_type, X );
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_access.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-// Copyright 2017, 2021 Peter Dimov.
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 // https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 
 #include <boost/system/result.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <system_error>
 
 using namespace boost::system;
 
@@ -26,11 +28,15 @@ struct E
 {
 };
 
-BOOST_NORETURN void throw_exception_from_error( Y const & )
+BOOST_NORETURN void throw_exception_from_error( Y const &, boost::source_location const& )
 {
     throw E();
 }
 
+struct E2
+{
+};
+
 int main()
 {
     {
@@ -165,6 +171,81 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int>( ec ).operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
     }
 
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int, std::error_code> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int, errc::errc_t> const r( in_place_error, errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int, std::errc> const r( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int, std::exception_ptr> const r( std::make_exception_ptr( E2() ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+#if defined(BOOST_CLANG_VERSION) && BOOST_CLANG_VERSION < 30600
+#else
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), E2 );
+#endif
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int, std::exception_ptr> const r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::bad_exception );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
     {
         result<X> r( 1 );
 
@@ -255,6 +336,8 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( (result<X, Y>( ec ).operator->()), static_cast<X*>(0) );
     }
 
+    //
+
     {
         result<void> r;
 
@@ -341,5 +424,254 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<void>( ec ).operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
     }
 
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<void, std::error_code> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, errc::errc_t> const r( in_place_error, errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, std::errc> const r( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, std::exception_ptr> const r( std::make_exception_ptr( E2() ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+#if defined(BOOST_CLANG_VERSION) && BOOST_CLANG_VERSION < 30600
+#else
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), E2 );
+#endif
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<void, std::exception_ptr> const r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::bad_exception );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<void*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    //
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), &*r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        result<int&> const r( x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), &*r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( x1 ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( x1 ) );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( !result<int&>( x1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).value(), 1 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *result<int&>( x1 ), 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( x1 ).operator->(), &x1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ).has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( result<int&>( ec ).has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( result<int&>( ec ) );
+        BOOST_TEST( !result<int&>( ec ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( result<int&>( ec ).value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( result<int&>( ec ).operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto ec = make_error_code( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        result<int&, std::error_code> const r( ec );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, errc::errc_t> const r( in_place_error, errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::errc> const r( std::errc::invalid_argument );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::system_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::exception_ptr> const r( std::make_exception_ptr( E2() ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+#if defined(BOOST_CLANG_VERSION) && BOOST_CLANG_VERSION < 30600
+#else
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), E2 );
+#endif
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int&, std::exception_ptr> const r( in_place_error );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( r );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_THROWS( r.value(), std::bad_exception );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.operator->(), static_cast<int*>(0) );
+    }
+
+    //
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/result_value_construct3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( int v1, int v2 ): v_( v1+v2 ) { ++instances; }
+    X( int v1, int v2, int v3 ): v_( v1+v2+v3 ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        using R = result<int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 0 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        using R = result<int, int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 1, 2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1+2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 1, 2, 3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1+2+3 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<X, X>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        using R = result<void>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        using R = result<int&>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x1 = 1;
+
+        using R = result<int&, int>;
+        R r( R::in_place_value, x1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_construct4.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+// Tricky mixed construction cases
+// https://github.com/boostorg/system/issues/104
+// https://brevzin.github.io//c++/2023/01/18/optional-construction/
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        result<int> r( make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument ) );
+        result<result<int>> r2( r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> r( 5 );
+        result<result<int>> r2( r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> const r( make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument ) );
+        result<result<int>> r2( r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> const r( 5 );
+        result<result<int>> r2( r );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> r( make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument ) );
+        result<result<int>> r2( std::move( r ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    {
+        result<int> r( 5 );
+        result<result<int>> r2( std::move( r ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), r );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_construct5.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1910
+# pragma warning( disable: 4800 ) // forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false'
+#endif
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+// Tricky mixed construction cases
+// https://github.com/boostorg/system/issues/104
+// https://brevzin.github.io//c++/2023/01/18/optional-construction/
+
+template<class R1, class R2> void test()
+{
+    {
+        R1 r1( make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument ) );
+        R2 r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        R1 r1( 0 );
+        R2 r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), false );
+    }
+
+    {
+        R1 r1( 1 );
+        R2 r2( r1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), true );
+    }
+
+    {
+        R1 r1( make_error_code( errc::invalid_argument ) );
+        R2 r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( !r2.has_value() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        R1 r1( 0 );
+        R2 r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), false );
+    }
+
+    {
+        R1 r1( 1 );
+        R2 r2( std::move( r1 ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( r2.value(), true );
+    }
+}
+
+struct X
+{
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    test< result<int>, result<bool> >();
+    test< result<int> const, result<bool> >();
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, result<X>&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, result<X> const&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, result<X>&&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool>, result<X> const&&>));
+
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const>, result<X>&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const>, result<X> const&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const>, result<X>&&>));
+    BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<bool const>, result<X> const&&>));
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_construct6.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 1;
+        result<int&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, int>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int&, float>, int&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<X&>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/result_value_construct7.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::system;
+
+struct X
+{
+    static int instances;
+
+    int v_;
+
+    explicit X( int v ): v_( v ) { ++instances; }
+
+    X( X const& ) = delete;
+    X& operator=( X const& ) = delete;
+
+    ~X() { --instances; }
+};
+
+int X::instances = 0;
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 0;
+        result<int const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value(), 0 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int x = 1;
+        result<int const&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    {
+        int const x = 1;
+        result<int const&, int> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( *r, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r( x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&> r = x;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r.value().v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X x( 1 );
+        result<X const&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        X const x( 1 );
+        result<X const&, X> r( in_place_value, x );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( r.has_value() );
+        BOOST_TEST( !r.has_error() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( r->v_, 1 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 1 );
+    }
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( X::instances, 0 );
+
+    {
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_TRUE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<int const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int&, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int const&, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<double const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<double const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int const&>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int const&>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, int>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<int const&, float>, int>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X const&>, int>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<int, result<X const&>>));
+
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<result<X const&>, X const>));
+        BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE((std::is_convertible<X const, result<X const&>>));
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}

test/std_interop_test.cpp

@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@
 
 // See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
-// Avoid spurious VC++ warnings
-# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
@@ -30,6 +27,7 @@ int main()
 #else
 
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <system_error>
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <string>
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ public:
     virtual std::string message( int ev ) const
     {
         char buffer[ 256 ];
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "user message %d", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "user message %d", ev );
 
         return buffer;
     }
@@ -267,7 +265,7 @@ public:
     virtual std::string message( int ev ) const
     {
         char buffer[ 256 ];
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "user2 message %d", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "user2 message %d", ev );
 
         return buffer;
     }

test/std_interop_test12.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/errc.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR not defined, test will be skipped" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <system_error>
+
+enum my_errc
+{
+    my_enoent = ENOENT
+};
+
+class my_category: public boost::system::error_category
+{
+public:
+
+    char const* name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return "mycat";
+    }
+
+    boost::system::error_condition default_error_condition( int ev ) const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        switch( ev )
+        {
+        case my_enoent:
+
+            return boost::system::error_condition( ENOENT, boost::system::generic_category() );
+
+        default:
+
+            return boost::system::error_condition( ev, *this );
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string message( int ev ) const
+    {
+        switch( ev )
+        {
+        case my_enoent:
+
+            return "No such entity";
+
+        default:
+
+            return "Unknown error";
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#if defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC < 70000
+
+// g++ 6 and earlier do not allow specializations outside the namespace
+
+namespace boost
+{
+namespace system
+{
+
+template<> struct is_error_code_enum<my_errc>: std::true_type {};
+
+} // namespace system
+} // namespace boost
+
+namespace std
+{
+
+template<> struct is_error_code_enum<my_errc>: std::true_type {};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#else
+
+template<> struct boost::system::is_error_code_enum<my_errc>: std::true_type {};
+template<> struct std::is_error_code_enum<my_errc>: std::true_type {};
+
+#endif
+
+boost::system::error_code make_error_code( my_errc e )
+{
+    // If `cat` is declared constexpr or const, msvc-14.1 and
+    // msvc-14.2 before 19.29 put it in read-only memory,
+    // despite the `ps_` member being mutable. So it crashes.
+
+    static /*BOOST_SYSTEM_CONSTEXPR*/ my_category cat;
+    return boost::system::error_code( e, cat );
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code e1 = my_enoent;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e1 == my_enoent );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( e1 != my_enoent );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e1 == boost::system::errc::no_such_file_or_directory );
+        BOOST_TEST( e1 == std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory );
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::error_code e1 = my_enoent;
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e1 == my_enoent );
+        BOOST_TEST_NOT( e1 != my_enoent );
+
+        BOOST_TEST( e1 == std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}
+
+#endif

test/std_interop_test13.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR not defined, test will be skipped" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <system_error>
+
+class my_category_impl: public std::error_category
+{
+public:
+
+    char const* name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return "mycat";
+    }
+
+    std::string message( int /*ev*/ ) const
+    {
+        return "Unknown error";
+    }
+};
+
+std::error_category const& my_category()
+{
+    static my_category_impl mycat;
+    return mycat;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        std::error_code e1( 5, boost::system::system_category() );
+        boost::system::error_code e2( e1 );
+        std::error_code e3( e2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1, e3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1.value(), e3.value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &e1.category(), &e3.category() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::error_code e1( 5, boost::system::generic_category() );
+        boost::system::error_code e2( e1 );
+        std::error_code e3( e2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1, e3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1.value(), e3.value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &e1.category(), &e3.category() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        std::error_code e1( 5, my_category() );
+        boost::system::error_code e2( e1 );
+        std::error_code e3( e2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1, e3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1.value(), e3.value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &e1.category(), &e3.category() );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}
+
+#endif

test/std_interop_test14.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR not defined, test will be skipped" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <system_error>
+
+class my_category_impl: public boost::system::error_category
+{
+public:
+
+    char const* name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return "mycat";
+    }
+
+    std::string message( int /*ev*/ ) const
+    {
+        return "Unknown error";
+    }
+};
+
+boost::system::error_category const& my_category()
+{
+    static my_category_impl mycat;
+    return mycat;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code e1( 5, my_category() );
+        std::error_code e2( e1 );
+        boost::system::error_code e3( e2 );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1, e3 );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( e1.value(), e3.value() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &e1.category(), &e3.category() );
+    }
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}
+
+#endif

test/std_interop_test15.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_condition.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/workaround.hpp>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR not defined, test will be skipped" )
+int main() {}
+
+#elif defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_GENERIC_CATEGORY)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "Skipping test, BOOST_SYSTEM_AVOID_STD_GENERIC_CATEGORY is defined" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <system_error>
+
+namespace sys = boost::system;
+
+enum my_errc
+{
+    enomem_c = ENOMEM
+};
+
+enum my_errn
+{
+    enomem_n = ENOMEM
+};
+
+namespace std {
+
+template<> struct is_error_code_enum<my_errc>
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+template<> struct is_error_condition_enum<my_errn>
+{
+    static const bool value = true;
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+std::error_code make_error_code( my_errc e )
+{
+    return std::error_code( e, std::generic_category() );
+}
+
+std::error_condition make_error_condition( my_errn e )
+{
+    return std::error_condition( e, std::generic_category() );
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    sys::error_code ec = make_error_code( sys::errc::not_enough_memory );
+    sys::error_condition en( sys::errc::not_enough_memory );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, en );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, enomem_c );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_c, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( ec, enomem_n );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_n, ec );
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, enomem_c );
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_c, en );
+
+#if BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, == 1800)
+
+    // msvc-12.0 has op== as a member of std::error_condition
+
+#else
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( en, enomem_n );
+
+#endif
+
+    BOOST_TEST_EQ( enomem_n, en );
+
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}
+
+#endif

test/std_interop_test16.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Peter Dimov.
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system/error_category.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR not defined, test will be skipped" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
+#include <system_error>
+
+// get_user_category
+
+class user_category: public boost::system::error_category
+{
+public:
+
+    virtual const char * name() const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return "user";
+    }
+
+    virtual std::string message( int ev ) const
+    {
+        char buffer[ 256 ];
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "user message %d", ev );
+
+        return buffer;
+    }
+};
+
+boost::system::error_category const & get_user_category()
+{
+    static user_category instance;
+    return instance;
+}
+
+//
+
+bool init_lwt = (boost::core::lwt_init(), true);
+
+std::error_category const & cat = get_user_category();
+
+int main()
+{
+    BOOST_TEST_CSTR_EQ( cat.name(), "user" );
+    return boost::report_errors();
+}
+
+#endif

test/system_category_test.cpp

@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@
 
 // See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/system
 
-// Avoid spurious VC++ warnings
-# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/snprintf.hpp>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <cstdio>
 
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ std::string sys_strerror( int ev )
     {
         char buffer[ 38 ];
 
-        std::sprintf( buffer, "Unknown error (%d)", ev );
+        boost::core::snprintf( buffer, sizeof( buffer ), "Unknown error (%d)", ev );
         return buffer;
     }
 

test/system_error_test3.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2021 Peter Dimov
+// Copyright 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0
 // https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 
@@ -14,22 +14,36 @@ int main()
         sys::error_code ec( 5, sys::generic_category() );
         sys::system_error x1( ec );
 
-		BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), ec.what() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), ec.what() );
     }
 
     {
-        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
-
-        sys::error_code ec( 5, sys::system_category(), &loc );
+        sys::error_code ec( 5, sys::generic_category() );
         sys::system_error x1( ec, "prefix" );
 
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), "prefix: " + ec.what() );
     }
 
     {
-        sys::system_error x1( 5, sys::generic_category() );
+        sys::error_code ec( 5, sys::generic_category() );
+        sys::system_error x1( ec, std::string( "prefix2" ) );
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), sys::error_code( 5, sys::generic_category() ).what() );
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), "prefix2: " + ec.what() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTEXPR boost::source_location loc = BOOST_CURRENT_LOCATION;
+
+        sys::error_code ec( 5, sys::generic_category(), &loc );
+        sys::system_error x1( ec, "prefix3" );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), "prefix3: " + ec.what() );
+    }
+
+    {
+        sys::system_error x1( 5, sys::system_category() );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), sys::error_code( 5, sys::system_category() ).what() );
     }
 
     {
@@ -38,5 +52,11 @@ int main()
         BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), "prefix: " + sys::error_code( 5, sys::system_category() ).what() );
     }
 
+    {
+        sys::system_error x1( 5, sys::system_category(), std::string( "prefix2" ) );
+
+        BOOST_TEST_EQ( std::string( x1.what() ), "prefix2: " + sys::error_code( 5, sys::system_category() ).what() );
+    }
+
     return boost::report_errors();
 }

test/win32_generic_test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Peter Dimov
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
+
+#include <boost/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/config/pragma_message.hpp>
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR)
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "Skipping test, BOOST_SYSTEM_HAS_SYSTEM_ERROR is not defined" )
+int main() {}
+
+#elif !defined(BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION) || BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION < 140
+
+BOOST_PRAGMA_MESSAGE( "Skipping test, BOOST_MSSTL_VERSION is not defined or is less than 140" )
+int main() {}
+
+#else
+
+#include <system_error>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+    namespace sys = boost::system;
+
+    int n = 0;
+
+    for( int i = 0; i < 65000; ++i )
+    {
+        sys::error_code ec1( i, sys::system_category() );
+        sys::error_condition en1 = ec1.default_error_condition();
+
+        std::error_code ec2( i, std::system_category() );
+        std::error_condition en2 = ec2.default_error_condition();
+
+        if( en1 != en2 )
+        {
+            std::cout << i << ": " << en1 << " (" << en1.message() << ") != cond:" << en2.category().name() << ":" << en2.value() << " (" << en2.message() << ")\n";
+
+            if( en2.category() == std::generic_category() && i != 123 ) // msvc-14.0, msvc-14.1 disagree with us on ERROR_INVALID_NAME
+            {
+                ++n;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return n < 256 ? n: 255;
+}
+
+#endif