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[SVN r2602]
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Arkadiy Vertleyb
2005-05-12 02:01:02 +00:00
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<title>So, let<65>s say we have an expression <20>expr<70></title>
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@ -246,6 +246,14 @@ span.NewCode2
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@ -295,73 +303,81 @@ style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"><3E></span>TOC \o &quot;1-3&quot; \h \z <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202465">Introduction<span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142297">Introduction<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:
screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-tab-count:
1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202465 \\h"'>1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300030003200300032003400360035000000</w:data>
1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142297 \\h"'>1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003200390037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202466">General
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142298">General
idea<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;display:none;
mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202466 \\h"'>2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300030003200300032003400360036000000</w:data>
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142298 \\h"'>2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003200390038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202467">Encoding
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142299">Encoding
and decoding a type<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202467 \\h"'>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300030003200300032003400360037000000</w:data>
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142299 \\h"'>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003200390039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202468">Implementation<span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142300">Implementation<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:
screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-tab-count:
1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202468 \\h"'>6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300030003200300032003400360038000000</w:data>
1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142300 \\h"'>7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003300300030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202469">Encoding
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142301">Encoding
and decoding templates<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202469 \\h"'>9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202470">Different
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142302">Different
kinds of template parameters or polymorphism with macros<span style='font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span
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<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300030003200300032003400370030000000</w:data>
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<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202471">Handling
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142303">Template
template parameters<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142303 \\h"'>14<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142304">Handling
unused sequence elements<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202471 \\h"'>14<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003300300034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1 style='tab-stops:right dotted 647.5pt'><span
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc100202472">A
class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-family:Arial'><a href="#_Toc102142305">A
word about complexity<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc100202472 \\h"'>17<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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style='mso-tab-count:1 dotted'>. </span><span style='mso-field-code:"PAGEREF _Toc102142305 \\h"'>21<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300032003100340032003300300035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoToc1><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200536"></a><a name="_Toc100202465"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200536"></a><a name="_Toc102142297"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200536'>Introduction</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>This document describes the internals of<span
@ -369,7 +385,7 @@ style="mso-spacerun: yes">
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>It is related to so called <20>compliant<6E>
implementation <20> one that uses partial template specializations to encode and
decode types, and is not to be confused with the other two implementations that
currently exist (or will soon exist) under the umbrella of the proposed
currently exist (or once existed) under the umbrella of the proposed
BOOST_TYPEOF macro <20> Peder Holt<6C>s <20>vintage<67> implementation, that trades partial
template specialization for function overloading and compile time constants, as
well as recently invented by Igor Chesnokov MSVC-specific typeof trick.</p>
@ -390,17 +406,18 @@ they are found and reported.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>It has to be stressed that the idea of breaking a type into multiple
compile-time integers by using partial template specializations is not new, and
belongs, to the best of my knowledge, to Steve Dewhurst, who described it in
his famous CUJ article <20>A BIT-Wise Typeof Operator<6F>.<span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The idea of applying MPL to this problem belongs to David
Abrahams, see <a href="http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/76208"><span
<p class=MsoNormal>It has to be stressed that the idea of breaking a type into
multiple compile-time integers by using partial template specializations is not
new, and belongs, to the best of my knowledge, to <b>Steve Dewhurst</b>, who
described it in his famous CUJ article <20>A BIT-Wise Typeof Operator<6F>.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The idea of applying MPL to this problem
belongs to <b>David Abrahams</b>, see <a
href="http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/76208"><span
style='mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/76208</span></a>.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoToc1><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The main thing that distinguishes this implementation from
others available is the ease of definition of new specializations for
@ -415,16 +432,22 @@ class Tpl&gt; </p>
<p class=Code><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode>REGISTER_TEMPLATE(foo, (class)(int)(TEMPLATE((class)(unsigned
int))))</span> /* now foo can be handled by TYPEOF */</p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode>REGISTER_TEMPLATE(foo,
(class)(int)(TEMPLATE((class)(unsigned int))))</span> /* now foo can be handled
by TYPEOF */</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The implementation of this REGISTER_TEMPLATE macro, as well
as many other useful specializations (for functions, arrays, etc.), has become
possible because of extensive usage of the Boost Preprocessor Library.</p>
possible because of extensive usage of the <b>Boost Preprocessor Library</b>.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200537"></a><a name="_Toc100202466"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Peder Holt</b> deserves the most credit for support of
template template parameters (discussed later in this document).</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200537"></a><a name="_Toc102142298"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200537'>General idea</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s say we have an expression <20>expr<70>.<span
@ -544,20 +567,19 @@ mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=NewCode>decode_type&lt;</span>mpl::vector&lt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'>&gt; <span class=NewCode>&gt;::type</span></p>
@ -587,7 +609,7 @@ sequence.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s now explore these three issues in more detail.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200538"></a><a name="_Toc100202467"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200538"></a><a name="_Toc102142299"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200538'>Encoding and decoding a type</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s consider the following type:</p>
@ -604,8 +626,8 @@ either a type or a template or a modifier of the original type:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>+-- <b>pointer</b> -- <b>int</b></p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD></span>+-- <b>pointer</b> -- <b>int</b></p>
<p class=Code><b>pointer</b> -- <b>const</b> -- <b>std::pair</b> --+</p>
@ -618,17 +640,13 @@ either a type or a template or a modifier of the original type:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code>pointer<span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>1</p>
<p class=Code>pointer<span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>1</p>
<p class=Code>const<span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>2</p>
<p class=Code>const<span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>2</p>
<p class=Code>std::pair<span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>3</p>
<p class=Code>std::pair<span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>3</p>
<p class=Code>int<span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>4</p>
<p class=Code>int<span style='mso-tab-count:3'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>4</p>
<p class=Code>std::string<span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>5</p>
@ -768,7 +786,7 @@ parameters:</p>
of integers, and then decoded back, let<65>s now see how this all can be
implemented.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200539"></a><a name="_Toc100202468"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200539"></a><a name="_Toc102142300"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200539'>Implementation</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>The described type encoding can be implemented with partial
@ -869,11 +887,12 @@ V&gt;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>V,<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>\</p>
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD></span>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;<span
class=NewCode>ID</span>&gt;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD></span>\</p>
class=NewCode>ID</span>&gt;<span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>&gt;<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
@ -890,8 +909,8 @@ decode_type_impl&lt;mpl::int_&lt;<span class=NewCode>ID</span>&gt;,
Iter&gt;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>{<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD></span>\</p>
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef <span
class=NewCode>Name</span> type;<span style="mso-spacerun:
@ -923,7 +942,7 @@ iter;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200540"></a><a name="_Toc100202469"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200540"></a><a name="_Toc102142301"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200540'>Encoding and decoding templates</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s consider std::pair class template.<span
@ -999,8 +1018,7 @@ decode_type&lt;typename d0::iter&gt; d1;</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>typedef std::pair&lt;</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD></span><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typename d0::type, </p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typename d0::type, </p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typename d1::type</p>
@ -1029,7 +1047,7 @@ only have type parameters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
more interesting however once we get to consider integral and template template
parameters.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200541"></a><a name="_Toc100202470"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200541"></a><a name="_Toc102142302"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200541'>Different kinds of template parameters or polymorphism with
macros</span></a></h1>
@ -1094,8 +1112,7 @@ mpl::push_back&lt;</p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD>
</span>typedef typename encode_type&lt;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>v0,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>v0,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>P0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
@ -1144,7 +1161,20 @@ yes">
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s now define <20>virtual functions<6E>:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The first <20>class<73>, TYPE_PARAM, doesn<73>t define any
properties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The only data contained
inside the <20>object<63> is the class information, which is used for dispatching,
and can be thought of as an analogue of the vptr.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The second class, INTEGRAL_PARAM, defines the only property,
which is an integral type of the parameter.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s now implement <20>virtual functions<6E> (note how their
names are formed <20> this is used in the virtual function call mechanism):</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
@ -1154,8 +1184,8 @@ yes">
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode>#define TYPE_PARAM_ENCODE(This, n)\<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>typedef
typename encode_type&lt;v ## n, P ## n&gt;::type\<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD>
</span>typedef typename encode_type&lt;v ## n, P ## n&gt;::type\<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span class=NewCode><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>BOOST_PP_CAT(v, BOOST_PP_INC(n))<o:p></o:p></span></p>
@ -1178,7 +1208,7 @@ BOOST_PP_SEQ_ELEM(1, This)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Now we need a virtual function:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Now we need a virtual function call mechanism:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
@ -1194,6 +1224,34 @@ for dispatching.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Now the following:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code>VIRTUAL(ENCODE, obj)(obj, 2)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>will expand into either</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code>TYPE_PARAM_ENCODE(obj, 2)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>or </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=Code>INTEGRAL_PARAM_ENCODE(obj, 2),</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>depending of what the <20>class<73> of obj is.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Before we can finish conversion of our encode_type
specialization, we need to transform </p>
@ -1250,8 +1308,8 @@ TYPE_PARAM</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Assuming this transformation is done with the macro called TRANSFORM_PARAMS,
we can define our encoding specialization like this:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Assuming this transformation is done with the macro called
TRANSFORM_PARAMS, we can define our encoding specialization like this:</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
@ -1264,8 +1322,8 @@ elem)(elem) BOOST_PP_CAT(P, n)</p>
<p class=Code>#define REGISTER_TEMPLATE_ENCODE_PARAM(r, data, n, elem)\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>VIRTUAL(ENCODE, elem)(elem,
n)</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>VIRTUAL(ENCODE,
elem)(elem, n)</p>
<p class=Code><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
@ -1285,14 +1343,14 @@ encode_type_impl&lt;V, Name&lt;BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(Size, P)&gt; &gt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>{\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename mpl::push_back&lt;V,
mpl::int_&lt;ID&gt; &gt;::type V0;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename
mpl::push_back&lt;V, mpl::int_&lt;ID&gt; &gt;::type V0;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>BOOST_PP_SEQ_FOR_EACH_I(REGISTER_TEMPLATE_ENCODE_PARAM, ~, Params)\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef
BOOST_PP_CAT(V, Size) type;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef BOOST_PP_CAT(V,
Size) type;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>};\</p>
@ -1321,13 +1379,377 @@ meaning)</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>It<EFBFBD>s worth noting here that we also support the third
template parameter type, template template parameters.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>With three different types, and half a dozen
<EFBFBD>virtual functions<6E>, such polymorphic approach really pays off. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The library also supports the third template parameter type,
template template parameters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Let<EFBFBD>s now
take a look at how it<69>s done. </p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200542"></a><a name="_Toc100202471"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200542'>Handling unused sequence elements</span></a></h1>
<h1><a name="_Toc102142303"></a><a name="_Toc100200542"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc102142303'>Template template parameters</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The good news is
that templates already have unique integer Ids, which are assigned to them
during the registration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Placing this
Id into the encoding sequence, and then restoring the template from this Id is
all that needs to be done.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Unfortunately,
templates, although strange it might sound, are not the first-class citizens in
template metaprogramming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>True, a
template can be passed into a metafunction, as a template template parameter,
but it turns out to be not very convenient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD>
</span>Also, a template can never be returned as a result of a metafunction.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The Typeof library
solves this problem by converting templates into types.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>It does this by instantiating templates with
well-known dummy types and values <20> int for type parameters, and zero for
integrals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Such type is used to move
the template around, and later the template gets extracted using partial
template specialization (this approach is somewhat similar to one used by MPL
to convert metafunctions into metafunction classes).<span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"><EFBFBD> </span>For example, consider the std::pair class template.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Its type representation would be
std::pair&lt;int, int&gt;.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The
following code might then be used to extract the template:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class T&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct extract; // not
defined</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;template&lt;class,
class&gt; class Tpl, class T1, class T2&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct extract&lt;Tpl&lt;T1,
T2&gt; &gt;</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef Tpl&lt;T1*, T2*&gt; type; /* use Tpl in any way you want
*/</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>};</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Armed with this
approach, let<65>s go back to our template template parameters.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Let<EFBFBD>s declare a
metafunction to encode a template:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class V,
class T&gt;</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct encode_template;
// not defined</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Note that it
accepts a type rather than a template.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD>
</span>This type is the instantiation of the template that was discussed just a
moment ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Hadn<EFBFBD>t we used this
approach, it wouldn<64>t have been possible to declare this:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class V,
template&lt;<b>???</b>&gt; class Tpl&gt;</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct encode_template;
// not defined</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Now let us provide
the specialization for std::pair:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class V,
class P0, class P1&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct encode_template
&lt;V, std::pair&lt;P0, P1&gt; &gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>: mpl::push_back&lt;V, mpl::int_&lt;3&gt;
&gt; /* we still use 3 as an Id of std::pair */</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{}; </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Similarly, let<65>s
implement decoding:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class T,
class Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct
decode_template_impl; // not defined</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class
Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct decode_template :
decode_template_impl&lt;</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typename mpl::deref&lt;Iter&gt;::type, </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typename mpl::next&lt;Iter&gt;::type</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>&gt;</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{};</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class
Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct
decode_template_impl&lt;mpl::int_&lt;3&gt;, Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef int P0; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef std::pair&lt;int, int&gt; type; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef Iter iter; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>}; </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>As you can see, the
iterator is de-referenced to determine the Id, which is used to match against a
template specialization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The template
specialization for std::pair<69>s Id returns the std::pair class template by
instantiating it with two ints.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The encode_template
and decode_template_impl specializations are added to REGISTER_TEMPLATE macro,
thus making it possible to use registered templates as template template
parameters.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>We now can encode
and decode templates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Recall that
earlier we talked about template encoding actually meaning encoding a type,
which is an instantiation of a template.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD>
</span>Let<EFBFBD>s now return to the template encoding in this sense, and see how we
can add template template parameters support.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Let<EFBFBD>s assume we
have the following template definition:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class T,
template &lt;class&gt; class Tpl&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct B</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{};</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>If its ID happens
to be 15, its encoding specialization will look like following:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class V, <span
class=NewCode>class</span> P0, <span class=NewCode3>template&lt;class&gt; class</span>
P1&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct encode_type&lt;V,
B&lt;P0, P1&gt; &gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename mpl::push_back&lt;V,
mpl::int_&lt;15&gt; &gt;::type V0; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename encode_type&lt;V0,
P0&gt;::type V1; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode3><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename encode_template&lt;V1,
P1&lt;int&gt; &gt;::type V2;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef V2 type; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>}; </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The decoding
specialization will be:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>template&lt;class
Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>struct decode_type_impl&lt;mpl::int_&lt;15&gt;,
Iter&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>{</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef Iter iter0; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef decode_type&lt;iter0&gt; d0; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename d0::type P0; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename d0::iter iter1; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode3><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef decode_template&lt;iter1&gt; d1; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode3><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename d1::type P1; <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode3><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename d1::iter iter2;<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename B&lt;<span class=NewCode>P0</span>,
<span class=NewCode3>???</span>&gt;::type type; /* need to do something else */
</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef iter2 iter; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>}; </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The only missing
piece is how to instantiate B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>Its
second parameter is a template, but we have a type (which is an instantiation
of the needed template with dummy parameters).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>As we discussed in
the beginning of this section, we have to use partial template specialization
to extract the template.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The commented
line in the above code can be replaced with the following code:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>. . .</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>template&lt;class T0, class T1&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>struct decode_params; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>template&lt;<span class=NewCode>class</span>
T0, <span class=NewCode3>template &lt;class&gt; class</span> T1&gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>struct decode_params&lt;<span
class=NewCode>T0</span>, <span class=NewCode3>T1&lt;int&gt;</span> &gt; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>{</span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef B&lt;T0, T1&gt; type; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>}; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>typedef typename decode_params&lt;P0,
P1&gt;::type type; </span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>. . .</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>Note how
decode_params extracts the template from its second parameter, and uses it when
defining the resulting type.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The first
parameter, on the other hand, is a type, and therefore passed through
decode_params as is.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>The code discussed
in this section is generated as a result of the expansion of the
REGISTER_TEMPLATE macro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>The code
specific to template template parameters (green) is handled by the third
polymorphic <20>class<73> <20> TEMPLATE_PARAM, whose only property is a sequence that
describes parameters of the template:</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><span class=NewCode3>#define
TEMPLATE_PARAM(Params) (TEMPLATE_PARAM)(Params)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'>With three
<EFBFBD>classes<EFBFBD> and half a dozen <20>virtual functions<6E> such plymorphic approach really
pays off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span></span></p>
<h1><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc100200542'><a name="_Toc102142304">Handling
unused sequence elements</a></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Let<EFBFBD>s revisit our TYPEOF macro implementation.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>We left it in the following state:</p>
@ -1349,20 +1771,19 @@ N&gt;::type::value</p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'>decode_type&lt;mpl::vector&lt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'>&gt; &gt;::type</p>
@ -1388,20 +1809,19 @@ class=NewCode>mpl::vector0&lt;&gt;, </span>T&gt;::type, N&gt;::type::value</p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'>decode_type&lt;<span class=NewCode>mpl::begin&lt;</span>mpl::vector&lt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;0&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;1&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;2&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><EFBFBD>\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span style='mso-tab-count:
1'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code><span style='mso-tab-count:2'><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;N&gt;()))&gt;\</p>
<p class=Code style='text-indent:.5in'>&gt;<span class=NewCode>::type</span>&gt;::type</p>
@ -1500,8 +1920,8 @@ T&gt;::type&gt;::type::value</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>)&gt;()))&gt;,\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
</span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr, mpl::int_&lt;(\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span>mpl::int_&lt;sizeof(at(expr,
mpl::int_&lt;(\</p>
<p class=Code><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> </span><span class=NewCode>1
&lt; sizeof(size(expr)) ? 1 : 0</span>\</p>
@ -1534,11 +1954,10 @@ T&gt;::type&gt;::type::value</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>It<EFBFBD>s now trivial for anybody familiar with the Boost
Preprocessor Library to re-write this nicely, so let<65>s omit this. <span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD></span>You can always see the result at
boost/typeof/compliant/typeof_impl.hpp.</p>
Preprocessor Library to re-write this nicely, so let<65>s omit this.<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><EFBFBD> </span>You can always see the result at boost/typeof/compliant/typeof_impl.hpp.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc100200543"></a><a name="_Toc100202472"><span style='mso-bookmark:
<h1><a name="_Toc100200543"></a><a name="_Toc102142305"><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc100200543'>A word about complexity</span></a></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Looking at the resulting TYPEOF macro, it may seem that the

2
test/Jamfile
View File

@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ exe typeof
<vc-8_0><debug_compliant><build>no
<vc-8_0><release_compliant><build>no
:
debug debug_compliant
debug release debug_compliant release_compliant
;

4
test/main.cpp
View File

@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ void lvalue_typeof_test()
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(rf()), int&>::value));
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(rcf()), const int&>::value));
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(cf()), const int&>::value));
//BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(21), int>::value));
//BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(int(21)), int>::value));
//BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(21), int>::value)); //msvc
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((boost::is_same<BOOST_LVALUE_TYPEOF(int(21)), int>::value));
}
#define BOOST_TYPEOF_TEXT "Noncopyable..."