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Peter Dimov
2003-02-12 17:11:29 +00:00
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@ -15,21 +15,23 @@
<A href="#array">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an array</A><br>
<A href="#encapsulation">Encapsulating allocation details, wrapping factory
functions</A><br>
<A href="#static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically allocated
object</A><br>
<A href="#static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically
allocated object</A><br>
<A href="#com">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a COM object</A><br>
<A href="#intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object with an
embedded reference count</A><br>
<A href="#another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared ownership smart
pointer</A><br>
<A href="#intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object
with an embedded reference count</A><br>
<A href="#another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared
ownership smart pointer</A><br>
<A href="#from_raw">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> from a raw pointer</A><br>
<A href="#in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>) to <code>this</code> in a
constructor</A><br>
<A href="#in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>)
to <code>this</code> in a constructor</A><br>
<A href="#from_this">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>this</code></A><br>
<A href="#handle">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a smart counted handle</A><br>
<A href="#on_block_exit">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to execute code on block exit</A><br>
<A href="#pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code> to hold an arbitrary object</A><br>
<A href="#extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
<A href="#on_block_exit">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to execute code on block
exit</A><br>
<A href="#pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code> to hold an arbitrary
object</A><br>
<A href="#extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
instances</A><br>
<A href="#pre_destructor">Post-constructors and pre-destructors</A><br>
<A href="#as_lock">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a CopyConstructible mutex lock</A><br>
@ -38,27 +40,32 @@
<A href="#weak_without_shared">Weak pointers to objects not managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code></A><br>
</p>
<h2><A name="incomplete">Using incomplete classes for implementation hiding</A></h2>
<p>[Old, proven technique; can be used in C]</p>
<pre>
<p>A proven technique (that works in C, too) for separating interface from
implementation is to use a pointer to an incomplete class as an opaque handle:</p>
<pre>
class FILE;
FILE * fopen(char const * name, char const * mode);
void fread(FILE * f, void * data, size_t size);
void fclose(FILE * f);
</pre>
<p>[Compare with]</p>
<pre>
<p>It is possible to express the above interface using <code>shared_ptr</code>,
eliminating the need to manually call <code>fclose</code>:</p>
<pre>
class FILE;
shared_ptr&lt;FILE&gt; fopen(char const * name, char const * mode);
void fread(shared_ptr&lt;FILE&gt; f, void * data, size_t size);
</pre>
<p>Note that there is no <code>fclose</code> function; <code>shared_ptr</code>'s ability to execute a custom deleter makes it unnecessary.</p>
<p>[<code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> can be copied and destroyed when <code>X</code> is incomplete.]</p>
<p>This technique relies on <code>shared_ptr</code>'s ability to execute a custom
deleter, eliminating the explicit call to <code>fclose</code>, and on the fact
that <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> can be copied and destroyed when <code>X</code>
is incomplete.</p>
<h2><A name="pimpl">The "Pimpl" idiom</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>A C++ specific variation of the incomplete class pattern is the "Pimpl" idiom.
The incomplete class is not exposed to the user; it is hidden behind a
forwarding facade. <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used to implement a "Pimpl":</p>
<pre>
// file.hpp:
class file
@ -77,7 +84,7 @@ public:
void read(void * data, size_t size);
};
</pre>
<pre>
<pre>
// file.cpp:
#include "file.hpp"
@ -107,10 +114,17 @@ void file::read(void * data, size_t size)
pimpl_-&gt;read(data, size);
}
</pre>
<p>[<code>file</code> is CopyConstructible and Assignable.]</p>
<p>The key thing to note here is that the compiler-generated copy constructor,
assignment operator, and destructor all have a sensible meaning. As a result, <code>
file</code> is <code>CopyConstructible</code> and <code>Assignable</code>,
allowing its use in standard containers.</p>
<h2><A name="abstract">Using abstract classes for implementation hiding</A></h2>
<p>[Interface based programming]</p>
<pre>
<p>Another widely used C++ idiom for separating inteface and implementation is to
use abstract base classes and factory functions. The abstract classes are
sometimes called "interfaces" and the pattern is known as "interface-based
programming". Again, <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used as the return type of
the factory functions:</p>
<pre>
// X.hpp:
class X
@ -127,7 +141,7 @@ protected:
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; createX();
</pre>
<pre>
<pre>
-- X.cpp:
class X_impl: public X
@ -156,11 +170,18 @@ shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; createX()
return px;
}
</pre>
<p>[Note protected and nonvirtual destructor; client cannot delete <code>X</code>; <code>shared_ptr</code> correctly calls <code>~X_impl</code> even when nonvirtual.]</p>
<p>A key property of shared_ptr is that the allocation, construction, deallocation,
and destruction details are captured at the point of construction, inside the
factory function. Note the protected and nonvirtual destructor in the example
above. The client code cannot, and does not need to, delete a pointer to <code>X</code>;
the <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> instance returned from <code>createX</code>
will correctly call <code>~X_impl</code>.</p>
<h2><A name="preventing_delete">Preventing <code>delete px.get()</code></A></h2>
<p>[Alternative 1, use the above.]</p>
<p>[Alternative 2, use a private deleter:]</p>
<pre>
<p>It is often desirable to prevent client code from deleting a pointer that is
being managed by <code>shared_ptr</code>. The previous technique showed one
possible approach, using a protected destructor. Another alternative is to use
a private deleter:</p>
<pre>
class X
{
private:
@ -187,34 +208,51 @@ public:
};
</pre>
<h2><A name="array">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an array</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(new X[1], checked_array_deleter&lt;X&gt;());
<p>A <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used to hold a pointer to an array allocated
with <code>new[]</code>:</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(new X[1], <A href="../utility/checked_delete.html">checked_array_deleter</A>&lt;X&gt;());
</pre>
<p>[<code>shared_array</code> is preferable, has a better interface; <code>shared_ptr</code> has *, -&gt;, derived to base conversions.]</p>
<p>Note, however, that <code><A href="shared_array.htm">shared_array</A></code> is
often preferable, if this is an option. It has an array-specific interface,
without <code>operator*</code> and <code>operator-&gt;</code>, and does not
allow pointer conversions.</p>
<h2><A name="encapsulation">Encapsulating allocation details, wrapping factory
functions</A></h2>
<p>[Existing interface, possibly allocates <code>X</code> from its own heap, <code>~X</code> is private, or <code>X</code> is incomplete.]</p>
<pre>
<p><code>shared_ptr</code> can be used in creating C++ wrappers over existing C
style library interfaces that return raw pointers from their factory functions
to encapsulate allocation details. As an example, consider this interface,
where <code>CreateX</code> might allocate <code>X</code> from its own private
heap, <code>~X</code> may be inaccessible, or <code>X</code> may be incomplete:</p>
<pre>
X * CreateX();
void DestroyX(X *);
</pre>
<p>[Wrapper:]</p>
<pre>
<p>The only way to reliably destroy a pointer returned by <code>CreateX</code> is
to call <code>DestroyX</code>.</p>
<P>Here is how a <code>shared_ptr</code>-based wrapper may look like:</P>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; createX()
{
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(CreateX(), DestroyX);
return px;
}
</pre>
<p>[Client remains blissfully oblivious of allocation details; doesn't need to remember to call <code>destroyX</code>.]</p>
<h2><A name="static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically allocated
object</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>Client code that calls <code>createX</code> still does not need to know how the
object has been allocated, but now the destruction is automatic.</p>
<h2><A name="static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically
allocated object</A></h2>
<p>Sometimes it is desirable to create a <code>shared_ptr</code> to an already
existing object, so that the <code>shared_ptr</code> does not attempt to
destroy the object when there are no more references left. As an example, the
factory function:</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; createX();
</pre>
<p>[Sometimes needs to return a pointer to a statically allocated <code>X</code> instance.]</p>
<pre>
<p>in certain situations may need to return a pointer to a statically allocated <code>X</code>
instance.</p>
<P>The solution is to use a custom deleter that does nothing:</P>
<pre>
struct null_deleter
{
void operator()(void const *) const
@ -230,22 +268,31 @@ shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; createX()
return px;
}
</pre>
<p>[The same technique works for any object known to outlive the pointer.]</p>
<p>The same technique works for any object known to outlive the pointer.</p>
<h2><A name="com">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a COM Object</A></h2>
<p>[COM objects have an embedded reference count, <code>AddRef()</code> and <code>Release()</code>, <code>Release()</code> self-destroys when reference count drops to zero.]</p>
<pre>
<p>Background: COM objects have an embedded reference count and two member
functions that manipulate it. <code>AddRef()</code> increments the count. <code>Release()</code>
decrements the count and destroys itself when the count drops to zero.</p>
<P>It is possible to hold a pointer to a COM object in a <code>shared_ptr</code>:</P>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;IWhatever&gt; make_shared_from_COM(IWhatever * p)
{
p-&gt;AddRef();
shared_ptr&lt;IWhatever&gt; pw(p, mem_fn(&amp;IWhatever::Release));
shared_ptr&lt;IWhatever&gt; pw(p, <A href="../bind/mem_fn.html">mem_fn</A>(&amp;IWhatever::Release));
return pw;
}
</pre>
<p>[All pw copies will share a single reference.]</p>
<h2><A name="intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object with an
embedded reference count</A></h2>
<p>[A generalization of the above. Example assumes <code>intrusive_ptr</code>-compatible object.]</p>
<pre>
<p>Note, however, that <code>shared_ptr</code> copies created from <code>pw</code> will
not "register" in the embedded count of the COM object; they will share the
single reference created in <code>make_shared_from_COM</code>. Weak pointers
created from <code>pw</code> will be invalidated when the last <code>shared_ptr</code>
is destroyed, regardless of whether the COM object itself is still alive.</p>
<h2><A name="intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object
with an embedded reference count</A></h2>
<p>This is a generalization of the above technique. The example assumes that the
object implements the two functions required by <code><A href="intrusive_ptr.html">intrusive_ptr</A></code>,
<code>intrusive_ptr_add_ref</code> and <code>intrusive_ptr_release</code>:</p>
<pre>
template&lt;class T&gt; struct intrusive_deleter
{
void operator()(T * p)
@ -261,11 +308,16 @@ shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; make_shared_from_intrusive(X * p)
return px;
}
</pre>
<h2><A name="another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared ownership smart
pointer</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
template&lt;class P&gt; class smart_pointer_deleter
<h2><A name="another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared
ownership smart pointer</A></h2>
<p>One of the design goals of <code>shared_ptr</code> is to be used in library
interfaces. It is possible to encounter a situation where a library takes a <code>shared_ptr</code>
argument, but the object at hand is being managed by a different reference
counted or linked smart pointer.</p>
<P>It is possible to exploit <code>shared_ptr</code>'s custom deleter feature to
wrap this existing smart pointer behind a <code>shared_ptr</code> facade:</P>
<pre>
template&lt;class P&gt; struct smart_pointer_deleter
{
private:
@ -281,40 +333,77 @@ public:
{
p_.reset();
}
P const &amp; get() const
{
return p_;
}
};
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; make_shared_from_another(another_ptr&lt;X&gt; qx)
{
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(qx.get(), smart_pointer_deleter< another_ptr&lt;X&gt; >(qx));
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(qx.get(), smart_pointer_deleter&lt; another_ptr&lt;X&gt; &gt;(qx));
return px;
}
</pre>
<p>[If <code>p_.reset()</code> can throw - wrap in <code>try {} catch(...) {}</code> block, will release <code>p_</code> when all weak pointers are eliminated.]</p>
<p>One subtle point is that deleters are not allowed to throw exceptions, and the
above example as written assumes that <code>p_.reset()</code> doesn't throw. If
this is not the case, <code>p_.reset()</code> should be wrapped in a <code>try {}
catch(...) {}</code> block that ignores exceptions. In the (usually
unlikely) event when an exception is thrown and ignored, <code>p_</code> will
be released when the lifetime of the deleter ends. This happens when all
references, including weak pointers, are destroyed or reset.</p>
<P>Another twist is that it is possible, given the above <code>shared_ptr</code> instance,
to recover the original smart pointer, using <code><A href="shared_ptr.htm#get_deleter">
get_deleter</A></code>:</P>
<pre>
void extract_another_from_shared(shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px)
{
typedef smart_pointer_deleter&lt; another_ptr&lt;X&gt; &gt; deleter;
if(deleter const * pd = get_deleter&lt;deleter&gt;(px))
{
another_ptr&lt;X&gt; qx = pd-&gt;get();
}
else
{
// not one of ours
}
}
</pre>
<h2><A name="from_raw">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> from a raw pointer</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to obtain a <code>shared_ptr</code> given a raw
pointer to an object that is already managed by another <code>shared_ptr</code>
instance. Example:</p>
<pre>
void f(X * p)
{
shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px(<i>???</i>);
}
</pre>
<p>[Not possible in general, either switch to]</p>
<pre>
<p>Inside <code>f</code>, we'd like to create a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>*p</code>.</p>
<P>In the general case, this problem has no solution. One approach is to modify <code>f</code>
to take a <code>shared_ptr</code>, if possible:</P>
<pre>
void f(shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; px);
</pre>
<p>[This transformation can be used for nonvirtual member functions, too; before:]</p>
<pre>
<p>The same transformation can be used for nonvirtual member functions, to convert
the implicit <code>this</code>:</p>
<pre>
void X::f(int m);
</pre>
<p>[after]</p>
<pre>
<p>would become a free function with a <code>shared_ptr</code> first argument:</p>
<pre>
void f(shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; this_, int m);
</pre>
<p>[If <code>f</code> cannot be changed, use knowledge about <code>p</code>'s lifetime and allocation details and apply one of the above.]</p>
<h2><A name="in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>) to <code>this</code> in a
constructor</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>If <code>f</code> cannot be changed, but <code>X</code> has an embedded
reference count, use <code><A href="#intrusive">make_shared_from_intrusive</A></code>
described above. Or, if it's known that the <code>shared_ptr</code> created in <code>
f</code> will never outlive the object, use <A href="#static">a null deleter</A>.</p>
<h2><A name="in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>)
to <code>this</code> in a constructor</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
class X
{
public:
@ -325,9 +414,11 @@ public:
}
};
</pre>
<p>[Not possible in general. If <code>X</code> can have automatic or static storage, and <code>this_</code> doesn't need to keep the object alive,
use a <code>null_deleter</code>. If <code>X</code> is supposed to always live on the heap, and be managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code>, use:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Not possible in general. If <code>X</code> can have automatic or static
storage, and <code>this_</code> doesn't need to keep the object alive, use a <code>null_deleter</code>.
If <code>X</code> is supposed to always live on the heap, and be managed by a <code>
shared_ptr</code>, use:]</p>
<pre>
class X
{
private:
@ -345,9 +436,10 @@ public:
};
</pre>
<h2><A name="from_this">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>this</code></A></h2>
<p>[Sometimes it is needed to obtain a shared_ptr from this in a virtual member function.]</p>
<p>[The transformations from above cannot be applied.]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Sometimes it is needed to obtain a shared_ptr from this in a virtual member
function.]</p>
<p>[The transformations from above cannot be applied.]</p>
<pre>
class X
{
public:
@ -387,8 +479,8 @@ public:
}
};
</pre>
<p>[Solution:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Solution:]</p>
<pre>
class impl: public X, public Y
{
private:
@ -418,16 +510,16 @@ public:
}
};
</pre>
<p>[Future support planned, <code>impl: public enable_shared_from_this&lt;impl&gt;</code>.]</p>
<p>[Future support planned, <code>impl: public enable_shared_from_this&lt;impl&gt;</code>.]</p>
<h2><A name="handle">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a smart counted handle</A></h2>
<p>[Win32 API allusion]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Win32 API allusion]</p>
<pre>
typedef void * HANDLE;
HANDLE CreateProcess();
void CloseHandle(HANDLE);
</pre>
<p>[Quick wrapper]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Quick wrapper]</p>
<pre>
typedef shared_ptr&lt;void&gt; handle;
handle createProcess()
@ -436,8 +528,8 @@ handle createProcess()
return pv;
}
</pre>
<p>[Better, typesafe:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Better, typesafe:]</p>
<pre>
class handle
{
private:
@ -451,25 +543,27 @@ public:
};
</pre>
<h2><A name="on_block_exit">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to execute code on block exit</A></h2>
<p>[1. Executing <code>f(p)</code>, where <code>p</code> is a pointer:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[1. Executing <code>f(p)</code>, where <code>p</code> is a pointer:]</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;void&gt; guard(p, f);
</pre>
<p>[2. Executing arbitrary code: <code>f(x, y)</code>:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[2. Executing arbitrary code: <code>f(x, y)</code>:]</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;void&gt; guard(static_cast&lt;void*&gt;(0), bind(f, x, y));
</pre>
<h2><A name="pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code> to hold an arbitrary object</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<h2><A name="pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code> to hold an arbitrary
object</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
shared_ptr&lt;void&gt; pv(new X);
</pre>
<p>[Will correctly call <code>~X</code>.]</p>
<p>[Can be used to strip type information: <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> -&gt; <code>(shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;, typeid(X))</code>]</p>
<h2><A name="extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
<p>[Will correctly call <code>~X</code>.]</p>
<p>[Can be used to strip type information: <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> -&gt; <code>
(shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;, typeid(X))</code>]</p>
<h2><A name="extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
instances</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
typedef int Data;
std::map&lt; shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;, Data &gt; userData;
@ -482,8 +576,8 @@ userData[px] = 42;
userData[pi] = 91;
</pre>
<h2><A name="pre_destructor">Post-constructors and pre-destructors</A></h2>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
<p>[...]</p>
<pre>
class X
{
public:
@ -511,8 +605,9 @@ public:
};
</pre>
<h2><A name="as_lock">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a CopyConstructible mutex lock</A></h2>
<p>[Sometimes it's necessary to return a mutex lock from a function. A noncopyable lock cannot be used.]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Sometimes it's necessary to return a mutex lock from a function. A noncopyable
lock cannot be used.]</p>
<pre>
class mutex
{
public:
@ -527,8 +622,8 @@ shared_ptr&lt;mutex&gt; lock(mutex &amp; m)
return shared_ptr&lt;mutex&gt;(&amp;m, mem_fn(&amp;mutex::unlock));
}
</pre>
<p>[Or to encapsulate it in a dedicated class:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Or to encapsulate it in a dedicated class:]</p>
<pre>
class shared_lock
{
private:
@ -540,14 +635,15 @@ public:
template&lt;class Mutex&gt; explicit shared_lock(Mutex &amp; m): pv((m.lock(), &amp;m), mem_fn(&amp;Mutex::unlock)) {}
};
</pre>
<p>[Usage:]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Usage:]</p>
<pre>
shared_lock lock(m);
</pre>
<p>[Note that <code>shared_lock</code> is not templated on the mutex type, thanks to <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code>'s ability to hide type information.]</p>
<p>[Note that <code>shared_lock</code> is not templated on the mutex type, thanks
to <code>shared_ptr&lt;void&gt;</code>'s ability to hide type information.]</p>
<h2><A name="wrapper">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to wrap member function calls</A></h2>
<p>[http://www.research.att.com/~bs/wrapper.pdf]</p>
<pre>
<p>[http://www.research.att.com/~bs/wrapper.pdf]</p>
<pre>
template&lt;class T&gt; class pointer
{
private:
@ -592,8 +688,9 @@ int main()
}
</pre>
<h2><A name="delayed">Delayed deallocation</A></h2>
<p>[In some situations, a single <code>px.reset()</code> can trigger an expensive deallocation in a performance-critical region.]</p>
<pre>
<p>[In some situations, a single <code>px.reset()</code> can trigger an expensive
deallocation in a performance-critical region.]</p>
<pre>
class X; // ~X is expensive
class Y
@ -608,8 +705,8 @@ public:
}
};
</pre>
<p>[Solution 1]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Solution 1]</p>
<pre>
vector&lt; shared_ptr&lt;void&gt; &gt; free_list;
class Y
@ -627,8 +724,8 @@ public:
// periodically invoke free_list.clear() when convenient
</pre>
<p>[Solution 2, as above, but use a delayed deleter]</p>
<pre>
<p>[Solution 2, as above, but use a delayed deleter]</p>
<pre>
struct delayed_deleter
{
template&lt;class T&gt; void operator()(T * p)
@ -645,8 +742,8 @@ struct delayed_deleter
};
</pre>
<h2><A name="weak_without_shared">Weak pointers to objects not managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code></A></h2>
<p>Make the object hold a <code>shared_ptr</code> to itself, using a <code>null_deleter</code>:</p>
<pre>
<p>Make the object hold a <code>shared_ptr</code> to itself, using a <code>null_deleter</code>:</p>
<pre>
class X
{
private:
@ -676,12 +773,13 @@ public:
weak_ptr&lt;X&gt; get_weak_ptr() const { return this_; }
};
</pre>
<p>When the object's lifetime ends, <code>X::this_</code> will be destroyed, and all weak pointers will automatically expire.</p>
<p>When the object's lifetime ends, <code>X::this_</code> will be destroyed, and
all weak pointers will automatically expire.</p>
<hr>
<p>
$Date$</p>
<p>
Copyright &copy; 2003 Peter Dimov. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
Copyright <EFBFBD> 2003 Peter Dimov. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
distribute this document is granted provided this copyright notice appears in
all copies. This document is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.</p>